Synthesis and characterization of a cellulose‐based molecularly imprinted polymer in aqueous solution: The study of Furosemide slow release

Abstract

In the present study, a green and biodegradable molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based on cellulose is introduced for Furosemide drug for the first time. Firstly sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was synthesized from microcrystalline cellulose. Then the prepared CMC underwent cross‐linking in the drug pre‐assembly solution using 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate as the comonomer and ammonium peroxydisulfate as the CMC activating agent. The pre‐assembly solution of the drug was also prepared using Furosemide as the template molecule and acrylamide as the functional monomer in aqueous medium. The obtained results from binding and selectivity studies indicated the successful preparation of the CMC‐based MIP (CMC‐MIP) in aqueous solution. Besides, structural, thermal, and morphological characterization of the prepared system was investigated. In the final step, the in vitro release study of Furosemide from the synthesized polymers was carried out in pH = 7.41 phosphate buffered saline solution at 37°C. According to the results, the CMC‐MIP had a larger drug loading capacity and a higher amount of drug release at its equilibrium state compared to the corresponding non‐imprinted polymer (CMC‐NIP). Moreover, the drug release profiles showed that the drug release rate of the CMC‐MIP is more controlled than that of the CMC‐NIP, especially at the early stages of release.

Green Aspects in Molecularly Imprinted Polymers by Biomass Waste Utilization

“…The growing interest of the scientific community towards the preparation of new advanced materials by green routes, prompted researchers to use cellulose as backbone-based materials to prepare green and biodegradable MIPs. In the last years, several papers on the usage of cellulose and cellulose derivatives as key element in the preparation of biodegradable and biocompatible MIP and IIP were published [ 56 , 59 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 ]. The prepared cellulose-based imprinted polymers were used in many application fields ranging from drug delivery, separation science, and also in environmental analysis of pollutants.…”

“…An interesting work conducted by Farenghi and co-workers, consists in the preparation of a water compatible cellulose-based MIP for Furosemide slow release in drug delivery studies [ 70 ]. First, microcrystalline cellulose was modified in sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and used for the CMC-MIP design.…”

“…In order to evaluate the binding performance of the polymer synthesized, binding studies were conducted revealing higher efficiency and selectivity of CMC-MIP compared with the corresponding non imprinted polymer (NIP). Finally, in vitro release studies, conducted in a phosphate buffer solution at 37 °C in order to simulate arterial blood conditions, showed a higher loading capacity of CMC-MIP at the equilibrium state with a good control of the drug release rate compared to the corresponding CMC-NIP [ 70 ].…”

“… Synthesis procedure of cellulose-based MIP specific for Furosemide drug. Reproduced from the work in [ 70 ] with permission from Wiley. …”

Reusable molecularly imprinted polymeric nanospheres for diclofenac removal from water samples

“…11 Many successful methods have been developed to synthesize uniformly sized, spherical MIP beads such as suspension polymerization and emulsion polymerization. 12 Precipitation polymerization is a method of preparation of polymeric microspheres with sufficient control of product morphology, with sizes ranging between nanometer and micrometer range. 13 The advantages of this method include simplicity of preparation, no requirement for stabilizers or other additives, compatibility with high degrees of crosslinking agents, and the use of polar aprotic solvents as porogens which are capable of preserving non-covalent interactions between the template and the monomer.…”