Synthesis and Characterization of Aviation Turbine Kerosene Nanofluid Fuel Containing Boron Nanoparticles

Abstract

The present work studies the thermal and physical properties of aviation turbine kerosene (ATK)–boron nanofuels, including stability time, viscosity, thermal behavior, and energy content. Also, this study tries to explore the effects of the size and concentration of boron particles, surfactant type, and temperature on the stability and viscosity of nanofuel. Nanofuel samples were prepared and characterized at 0.5–4 wt % of particle loading and 0.1–2 wt % of surfactant loading ranges, for micro- and nanosized boron particles. Various surfactants, such as oleic acid, propylene glycol (PG), sorbitan oleate, Tween 85, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), were used to stabilize the nanofluids. The results showed that sorbitan oleate was the best surfactant and the best weight ratio of boron particles/sorbitan oleate was about 2. With the increase of the nanoparticle concentrations from 2 to 4 wt % at 5 °C, the nanofuel viscosity was increased 24%, and with the increase of the temperature from 5 to 40 °C at a constant particle concentration (4 wt %), a 67% decrease was obtained in viscosity. Also, the effect of the particle concentration on the energy content and thermal behavior of nanofuel was determined, and it was noticed that 3 wt % boron nanoparticles could decrease the boiling point and increase the energy content of ATK fuel, significantly.

Experimental synthesis, functionalized modifications and potential applications of monoelemental zero-dimensional boron nanomaterials

“…178 Shariatmadar et al reported the synthesis and characterization of aviation turbine kerosene nanouid fuels and nano-fuels containing BNPs. 72,73 These results powerfully verify great prospects of 0D boron nanomaterials and derivatives that serve as promising energetic materials for applications in the additive nanouid fuels and nano-fuels.…”

“…With regard to the top-down synthesis approach, mechanical milling is extensively employed to prepare 0D boron nanomaterials. 68,69,[71][72][73][74][75][77][78][79][80]82,85,89 Mechanical milling is divided into different types, including dry ball milling, neat ionic-liquid (IL) milling, solvent milling, sonication-assisted milling, articial and machine grinding. The operation of mechanical milling is oen continuously conducted for a few, several and even dozens of hours at low temperature or room temperature (RT).…”

“…69,78 Milling rate and time of articial grinding are freely regulated, while those of machine milling are required to set a xed rotation rate and time, and the time to pause for machine resting. Except for IL, 68,69 other surface capping ligand molecules of 0D boron nanomaterials have been utilized during the solvent milling process, such as oleic acid, 72,73 poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), 77 undecylenic acid (UND), 80 dopamine (DA), 80 and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP). 81 Sonication (700 W) in advance or aerwards at a low (5 C) temperature or RT is necessary for ball milling, which ensures a high dispersion of boron resource precursors or the produced 0D boron in the solvent.…”

“…As summarized in Table 1, the widely used surface capping ligand molecules during the synthesis process mainly refer to IL, PEG, PVP, oleic acid, undecylenic acid and dopamine. 68,69,72,73,77,80,81,127,128 Perez et al reported the synthesis of BNPs through the boron milling process. 128 Boron powder was dry-milled with tungsten carbide balls under an Ar atmosphere.…”

“…Previous studies have reported ignition and combustion properties for potential applications. 72,73,78,89,138,142,147,[174][175][176][177][178] Karmakar et al explored the ignition and combustion properties of BNPs in ethanol spray ame. 142 Kong et al studied the combustion characteristics of BNPs based on ame color images.…”