The regeneration and repair of bone defects require implanting artificial bone materials with excellent mechanical and biological properties similar to human bones. However, the compressive strength and bioactivities of 3D printing biodegradable materials like PVA are usually not enough for weight-bearing bone defect repair. In this study, we added AZP (amorphous zinc phosphate) nanoparticles to increase the biological properties of PVA 3D printing scaffolds and filled PCL into PVA scaffolds to improve the mechanical properties. Our results revealed that the size of AZP nanoparticles was about 63.5 ± 29.3 nm, and PVA/AZP scaffold was printed with a pore size of 600 μm. The cell experiments showed that PVA scaffolds compounded with AZP nanoparticles can effectively promote cell proliferation. Therefore, the AZP nanoparticles have good biocompatibility, and the scaffold with AZP nanoparticles has the prospect of application in bone tissue engineering.