Synthesis and characterization of expandable graphite–poly(methyl methacrylate) composite particles and their application to flame retardation of rigid polyurethane foams

Ye, Ling; Meng, Xian-Yan; Ji, Xu; Li, Zhong‐Ming; Tang, Jianhua

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.03.016

Cited by 173 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…During degradation, many blowing gases are generated and as an effect the volume of the graphite increases. Exfoliation and expansion along the c-axis of the graphite crystal transforms the lamellar structure of expandable graphite into a vermicular graphite structure [1,34,35].…”

Section: Flammabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When ignited, they emit toxic gases like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen cyanide. Recently, much emphasis has been placed on the safety regulations applicable to flame-retardant materials in relation to their toxicity and smoke products [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another interesting carbon filler which improves thermal stability and fire retardancy is graphite [8,9]. However, its addition can lead to a reduction in mechanical properties of the composites [1]. It was demonstrated that the addition of graphite nanoflakes to thermoplastic polyurethane could improve the thermal stability of the nanocomposites, reduce their heat release rate (HRR) and improve their flame retardance [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The influence of carbon fillers on the thermal properties of polyurethane foam

Ciecierska

Jurczyk-Kowalska

Bazarnik

et al. 2015

J Therm Anal Calorim

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The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of different types of carbon filler on the thermal stability and flammability of rigid polyurethane foams. As a filler, multi-walled carbon nanotubes and graphite fakes were used. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the structure of foam and dispersion of nanofiller in polymer matrix. Thermal stability of these composites was determined by thermogravimetry analysis. Test was carried out under both nitrogen and air atmosphere. The degradation products were evaluated by thermogravimetry (TG) combined with infrared spectroscopy (TG-IR) measurements. The activation energy was measured by the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method from the TG curves. Flammability tests like limiting oxygen index and smoke density were also measured. No significant changes in the thermal stability of the composites were observed. The activation energy of sample containing carbon filler increased. Based on TG-IR, one can notice that there were no differences in the emitted volatile products during thermal degradation. Carbon filler enhanced fire retardancy of polyurethane foam; however, graphite gives better results.

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Section: Flammabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The influence of carbon fillers on the thermal properties of polyurethane foam

Ciecierska

Jurczyk-Kowalska

Bazarnik

et al. 2015

J Therm Anal Calorim

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The group of fire retardants includes, among others, compounds containing halogens such as bromine and chlorine, compounds of phosphorus and nitrogen, and hydroxides of aluminum and magnesium [10]. Most flame retardants with built-in halogen atoms currently attract a lot of controversy, mainly because of their safety and corrosion properties of gases released [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of flammability and smoke emission of rigid polyurethane foams modified with nanoparticles and halogen-free fire retardants

Sałasińska

Borucka

Leszczyńska

et al. 2017

J Therm Anal Calorim

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Using one-step method, rigid polyurethane foams were made, modified with developed fire retardant systems containing halogen-free flame retardants and nanofillers in the form of multi-walled carbon nanotubes or nanoscale titanium dioxide. The materials were subjected to a test using a cone calorimeter and smoke-generating chamber, and selected samples were further analyzed via thermogravimetry and oxygen index. Moreover, the products of thermal degradation of selected samples were identified using gas chromatography with mass spectrometer. Conducted flammability tests confirmed the presence of a synergistic effect between the used nanofillers and halogen-free flame retardants. It has been observed that the carbonized layer, the formation of which favored the presence of nanoadditives, inhibits the combustion process. Furthermore, nanofillers influenced favorably reduction in the amount and the number of occurring products of thermal degradation.

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“…One approach is to encapsulate the EG by some polymers. For example, Ye [10] reported that the EG particles were encapsulated with a layer of PMMA, and this method improved the dispersion of EG in PU matrix. Another alternative approach is to modify the surface of EG by introducing some functional groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and characterization of a novel modified expandable graphite and its application in rigid polyurethane foams

Liu

Ma²,

Lv³

et al. 2017

Proceedings of the 2017 6th International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development (ICEESD 2017)

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Abstract. In this work, an intermediate product DOPO-A was firstly synthesized through an addition reaction between triethoxyvinylsilane and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). Then DOPO-A was hydrolyzed to form DOPO-A' (silanol of DOPO-A) and the surface of expandable graphite (EG) was modified by DOPO-A' to prepare a novel modified expandable graphite (MEG). The effects of MEG on the flame-retardant and mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane (RPU) foams were investigated. It is found that MEG is more effective in improving the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of RPU foams than EG. The cone calorimeter studies indicate that MEG flame retarded RPU foams have lower peak heat release rate，total heat release, peak smoke production rate, and CO yield than those of the EG flame retarded RPU foams. Compressive strengths of the MEG flame retarded RPU foams have a great improvement compared with those of EG flame retarded RPU foams.

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Synthesis and characterization of expandable graphite–poly(methyl methacrylate) composite particles and their application to flame retardation of rigid polyurethane foams

Cited by 173 publications

References 51 publications

The influence of carbon fillers on the thermal properties of polyurethane foam

The influence of carbon fillers on the thermal properties of polyurethane foam

Analysis of flammability and smoke emission of rigid polyurethane foams modified with nanoparticles and halogen-free fire retardants

Synthesis and characterization of a novel modified expandable graphite and its application in rigid polyurethane foams

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