Synthesis and Characterization of Ozonated Oil Nanoemulsions

Abstract

In recent years, the use of ozonated oil (ozone enriched oil form) is being increasingly preferred for biomedical applications because of its antibacterial activity. Among most important reasons of this choice is the high molecular affinity of the ozone molecule and intracellular effects of the products of ozone and the unsaturated fattyacid chemical reactions in cellular signaling systems. The aim of the present study was to synthesize and optimize the ozonated oil nanoemulsion system that would be transferred into the living systems easily, suggesting a promising carrier system for various biomedical applications. By varying formulation parameters (surfactant-to-oil ratio, surfactant concentration, mixing rate, and surfactant type), nanoemulsions were investigated in terms of mean particle diameters, distributions, and stabilities. Nanoemulsions with high stability and small droplet diameters (212.7 nm) could be produced under optimized conditions with Tween 40 as the surfactant at a 750 rpm mixing rate using the emulsion inversion point (EIP) low-energy method. Spherical and uniformly distributed nanoemulsions were observed by SEM, which also supports mean particle diameter measurements. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and 13 C NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) studies indicated an ozonide structure within the nanoemulsion system, which remained even after 30 days of storage. The antibacterial activity of ozonated oil emulsions against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli suggests promising applications in the biomedical field.

Ozonated Oils as Antimicrobial Systems in Topical Applications. Their Characterization, Current Applications, and Advances in Improved Delivery Techniques

“…The existence of ozone within ozonated olive oil nanoemulsion systems, which were prepared to have small droplet diameters (212.7 nm) using the emulsion inversion point low-energy method, has been verified by the use of FT-IR in the range of 400-4000 cm −1 [43]. Chemical changes occurred in fatty-acid chains during the ozonolysis procedure, and, according to the Criegee mechanism, were indicated by the presence of the peaks at 3466, 1745, and at 1104 cm −1 (ozonide CO stretching).…”

“…The ozonide structure within the ozonated olive oil nanoemulsion system has been confirmed by 13 C NMR analyses. In particular, the authors referred that the signal at 104 ppm, which indicates the presence of the 1,2,4-trioxolane carbon ring, did not disappear from the nanoemulsion's structure after 30 days of storage at room temperature [43].…”

“…An interesting formulation study has recently described nanoemulsion preparation using ozonated olive oil [43]. The oil had an acidity of 36.07% (oleic acid), a peroxide value of 247.01 meq O 2 /kg and iodine value 10.21 (g of I 2 per 100 g).…”

The Influence of Ozonated Olive Oil-Loaded and Copper-Doped Nanohydroxyapatites on Planktonic Forms of Microorganisms

“…According to the spectroscopic results, it has been proven that the ozonated olive oil was adsorbed on the obtained compounds. The most typical peak associated with ozonated olive oil, indicating the existence of an ozonide ion, is located at 1104 cm −1 and is correlated with the ozonide CO stretching mode [ 39 ]. The peak at 3006 cm −1 is associated with the C–H stretching vibration of the cis double bond.…”

Influence of Ozonized Oil Nanoemulsions on B-16 Melanoma Cells: An <i>in Vitro Study</i>

“…Nanoemulsions were prepared using Ozonized oil (Aktifoks Ozonid, Iżmir, Turkey) by the emulsion inversion point (EIP) low-energy method as described in our previous study [13]. In this study, size distribution and zeta potential of nanoemulsions were analyzed through dynamic light scattering (DLS) with Zetasizer Nano-S (Malvern, England) (data not shown, average particle size: 212 nm, zeta potential: −22.5 mV).…”