Synthesis and characterization of sol–gel zirconia supported Pd and Ni catalysts

Environmentally friendly efficient coupling of n-heptane by sulfated tri-component metal oxides in slurry bubble column reactor

“…5 and 6, respectively. The binding energy of sulfur S 2p was observed at 168.4 eV, agreed with these results that were reported by other authors [29][30][31], which suggested that sulfur in the sulfated metal oxides existed in a six-oxidation state (S 6+ ), which is also consistent with the result of FT-IR. After the reaction, the binding energies of S 2p were almost unchanged, inferring that the valence of S was unchanged, it may be concluded that the sulfated metal oxides can be reused and the catalytic activity was almost unchanged.…”

Environmentally friendly efficient one-pot esterification of cyclohexane with CuO-promoted sulfated zirconia

“…So a well-defined S 2p feature must be analyzed for the catalytic activity. Seen from the result of XPS spectra, the binding energy of S 2p for SZCu was observed at 168.70 eV, agreed with that of Zr(SO 4 ) 2 [19], suggesting that the element sulfur in SZCu existed in a six-oxidation state (S 6+ ) and resulting in the remarkable acidity on the surface of SZCu, this was also consistent with the result of FT-IR. Besides, from the binding energy of Zr 3d (Fig.…”

“…The acidic properties generated by the inductive effect of S O bonds in the complex were strongly affected by the environment of sulfate ion. Thus, it can be proposed that catalytic properties would be modified by the type of S O in sulfate complex, especially the coverage of sulfate species on catalyst surface [19]. So a well-defined S 2p feature must be analyzed for the catalytic activity.…”

Mesoporous catalysts for dry reforming of methane: Correlation between structure and deactivation behaviour of Ni-containing catalysts

“…Broadness of the diffraction peaks of NZA impedes the identification of P42/nmc tetragonal or P21/c cubic ZrO 2 phase, respectively, at about 2q ¼ 35.4 and 32 , since their crystallographic phases display similar interplanar spacings [17]. Over solegel obtained solids, NiO disperses uniformly in the ZrO 2 eAl 2 O 3 carrier and not all diffraction peaks of NiO appear due to the limit of instrument sensitivity [1,11]. XRD pattern of NCA shows the characteristic diffraction lines of cubic Fm 3 m CeO 2 fluorite structure at 2q ¼ 33.1, 47.7 and 56.8 [18] whereas those at 39.7 and 66.6 , consisted of only broad peaks attributed to g-Al 2 O 3 due to the formation of solid solution between Al 2 O 3 and CeO 2 , namely cubic CeAlO 3 [19], in addition to that of NiO at 43.4 and 74.6 .…”

“…The most used catalysts are invariably Ni-based catalysts supported on an alumina-based carrier. Numerous strategies such as use of different supports [3,4,9], preparation methods [1,10], introduction of promoters into the catalyst formulation [1,6,11] modification by small amounts of noble metals (such as Pt, Ru or Rh) among others [7,10,12e15] have been tested aiming to enhance the activity and stability of the catalysts and to achieve high levels of methane and CO 2 conversions with low carbon formation.…”