Synthesis and characterization of stearyl protamine and investigation of their complexes with DNA for gene delivery

Protamine nanoparticles

“…26 A novel stearyl protamine was synthesized by the reaction of natural protamine with an NHS ester of stearic acid for gene delivery. 27 The higher stearyl group content derivative self-assembled into complexes with a size of 110 nm in water and had relatively higher in vitro gene transfection effi ciency than protamine and lower stearyl group content derivatives. The high transfection effi ciency was attributed to increased ability to destabilize the cell membrane, facilitating the entry of DNA into the cell via endocytosis and effi cient dissociation of complexes with the introduction of hydrophobic stearyl groups into protamine.…”

“…The high transfection effi ciency was attributed to increased ability to destabilize the cell membrane, facilitating the entry of DNA into the cell via endocytosis and effi cient dissociation of complexes with the introduction of hydrophobic stearyl groups into protamine. 27 Lipid nanoparticles with improved cellular uptake capacity were utilized to prepare lipid nanoparticles/protamine/DNA ternary nanoparticles for gene delivery. 28 The anionic lipid nanoparticles consisting of monostearin and different contents of oleic acid had an average size range of 23.6 to 71.3 nm and a zeta potential about −30 mV.…”

The role of protamine amount in the transfection performance of cationic SLN designed as a gene nanocarrier

“…Therefore, protamine amount plays an important role in determining the transfection performance of SLN. The insufficient protamine content could reasonably justify the failure in cell transfection of Pro25:pDNA complexes; on the other hand, the presence of an excess of protamine inducing the formation of protamine:pDNA polyplexes, incapable to transfect the cells efficiently owing to either their inability to overcome the cell membrane (Liu et al, 2009) or their strong pDNA binding (Mayer et al, 2005), could explain the poor transfection capacity of Table 3. Z-average, PDI, particle size distribution by intensity, and Zeta-potential SLN:pDNA complexes at w/w ratios from 20:1 to 80:1, in comparison with naked pDNA.…”

Determination of Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide with a Protamine Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Electrode

“…Protamine is an arginine-rich polycationic peptide isolated from salmon sperm; it is often used as a DNA condensing agent and gene carrier (Liu et al 2009;Fukushima et al 2011). …”