Synthesis and Incorporation of Quaternary Ammonium Silane Antimicrobial into Self‐Crosslinked Type I Collagen Scaffold: A Hybrid Formulation for 3D Printing

Abstract

Novel 3D‐biomaterial scaffold is constructed having a combination of a new quaternary ammonium silane (k21) antimicrobial impregnated in 3D collagen printed scaffolds cross linked with Riboflavin in presence of d‐alpha‐tocopheryl poly(ethyleneglycol)‐1000‐succinate. Groups of “0.1% and 0.2% k21”, and “0.1% and 0.2% Chlorhexidine (CHX)” are prepared. k21/CHX with neutralized collagen is printed with BioX. Riboflavin is photo‐activated and examined using epifluorescence for Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (7‐days). Collagen is examined using TEM and measured for porosity, and shape‐fitting. Raman and tandem mass/solid‐state are performed with molecular‐docking and circular‐dichroism. X‐ray diffractions, rheological tests, contact angle, and ninhydrin assay are conducted. k21 samples demonstrated collagen aggregates while 0.1% CHX and 0.2% CHX showed irregularities. Porosity of control and “0.1% and 0.2% k21” scaffolds show no differences. Low contact angle, improved elastic‐modulus, rigidity, and smaller strain in k21 groups are seen. Bacteria are reduced and strong organic intensities are seen in k21 scaffolds. Simulation shows hydrophobicity/electrostatic interaction. Crosslinking is observed in 0.2% CHX/79% and 0.2% k21/80%. Circular dichroism for k21 are suggestive of triple helix. XRD patterns appear at d = 5.97, 3.03, 2.78, 2.1, and 2.90 A°. 3D‐printing of collagen impregnated with quaternary ammonium silane produces a promising scaffold with antimicrobial potency and structural stability.

The Use of Collagen-Based Materials in Bone Tissue Engineering

“…Recently, R-UV-CXL has gradually entered the research field of medical devices and BTE. For example, Bapat et al reported that 3D-printed collagen scaffolds impregnated with quaternary ammonium silane and crosslinked with riboflavin and UV produced a promising scaffold with antimicrobial potency and structural stability [ 90 ]. R-UV-CXL has also been studied in the fields of wound healing [ 91 ], skin repair [ 92 ], cardiac valves [ 93 ], and vascular regeneration [ 94 ].…”

Advancements in scaffold for treating ligament injuries; in vitro evaluation

“…included the antimicrobial substance quaternary ammonium silane (k21) in the COL scaffold and demonstrated that the scaffold's porosity (45% ± 5.5%) was not substantially different from the original scaffold's porosity while the scaffolds’ elastic modulus increased. [ 91 ] Finally, Perez‐Puyana et al. also improved the elastic modulus of the scaffolds by modulating the COL concentration or adding GA to the initial solution.…”

Recent Update on Applications of Quaternary Ammonium Silane as an Antibacterial Biomaterial: A Novel Drug Delivery Approach in Dentistry

“…From the clinical viewpoint, it is anticipated that, in the near future, customized 3D scaffolds can be fabricated as per the anatomy of the osseous defects that will ensure complete coverage of the defects with these antimicrobial scaffolds enhancing bone regeneration. Manufacturing of customized 3D collagen scaffolds as per the architecture of osseous defects is considered an innovation in clinical dentistry for increasing the longevity of teeth (Bapat et al, 2021). In vitro research should be performed to investigate SrtA inhibitory activity of QAS.…”