Synthesis and properties of a low-viscosity UV-curable oligomer for three-dimensional printing

Li, Juan; Cui, Yihua; Qin, Ke; Yu, Jiachun; Yang, Jiquan; Zhang, Congchao; Jiang, Dandan; Wang, Xiang

doi:10.1007/s00289-015-1507-0

Cited by 26 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The viscosity is one of the most important parameters indicating the fluidity and printability of photosensitive resin combinations . Generally speaking, a low viscosity is required for SLA printing to achieve a high printing efficiency and accuracy.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At present, there are still many problems in the resin that stymie the development of SLA 3D printing, such as limited resin types, an insufficient mechanical strength, resin odor, long‐term stability, and cost . In addition, processing conditions with the required phase change through reactions that are very fast, even at room temperature, are a substantial challenge for the development of radically new materials; therefore, progress has been rather incremental up to this point …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acrylate‐based photosensitive resin for stereolithographic three‐dimensional printing

Zhang

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In this article, we report an acrylate-based three-dimensional (3D) printing stereolithography rapid-prototyping photosensitive resin with a low viscosity, small volumetric shrinkage, high photoreactivity, and excellent strength. The resin was a compound prepared with bisphenol A epoxy acrylate (BAEA) as the main matrix, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) and tri(propylene glycol) diacrylate (TPGDA) as reactive diluents, pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA) as the crosslinking agent, and 2-hydroxy-2-methyl propiophenone (1173) and diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethyl benzoyl)phosphine oxide (TPO) as photoinitiators. The photocuring kinetics of the resins with different photoinitiator types and loadings were studied via real-time IR spectroscopy, which provided insights into the optimization of photoinitiator composition and printing parameter settings. The results show that the content change of each component affected the viscosity of the photosensitive resin; this was accompanied by fluctuations in the volume shrinkage and mechanical strength of the cured products. Although an increase in the molar ratio of the reactive diluent remarkably reduced the viscosity of the photosensitive resin and thereby boosted photopolymerization, it also caused an increase in the volume shrinkage and a sacrifice of mechanical strength. Finally, as shown by a comparison of the other samples we studied, the resin composed of 30 mmol HDDA, 50 mmol TPGDA, 10 mmol PETA, 10 mmol BAEA, 2.5 mol % TPO, and 2.5 mol % 1173 achieved the best viscosity of 239.53 mPa s at 25 C, the minimum shrinkage rate of 4.36%, and the maximum tensile strength of 43.19 MPa. The 3D printing curing products had the closest size to the design dimensions of the computer-aided design model; this indicated that the resin seemed to be a most promising candidate for 3D printing applications.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acrylate‐based photosensitive resin for stereolithographic three‐dimensional printing

Zhang

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…It is worth emphasizing that inhalation toxicity [30] may result from exposure to liquid photopolymer resins, which are often characterised by unpleasant odour. For enhanced manufacturing outcomes, resins should possess high curing rate, good storage stability, low toxicity, low viscosity, and display adequate mechanical properties after photocuring [31]. Resins with relatively low viscosity are likely to produce rapid polymerisation yielding cross-linked polymers with properties suited to the demands imposed by the target application [32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biocompatibility of 3D-Printed Methacrylate for Hearing Devices

Alifui‐Segbaya

George

2018

Inventions

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The capacity of 3D printing (3DP) technologies to initiate speedy polymerization of solvent-free resins accounts for their utility in the manufacturing of medical devices. Nonetheless, independent biological evaluation of 3D-printed materials is recommended due to the unique parameters of the manufacturing process, which can influence their physical, chemical and biological properties. In this study, E-Shell 450 clear methacrylate indicated for 3DP of hearing devices was examined for biological safety using zebrafish bioassays adapted to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) fish embryo test. In addition, the proprietary material was characterized for composition using headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). To initiate the biological test, newly fertilized zebrafish eggs were cultured on non-treated and ethanol-treated methacrylates in glass petri dishes with ultrapure water, incubated at 28.5 °C and assessed for developmental endpoints of toxicity at 24 h intervals until 96 h. Toxicological data indicate that non-treated methacrylate is extremely toxic in zebrafish bioassays, whereas ethanol-treated counterpart showed a relative lower toxicity possibly due to ethanoic–aqueous interactions as observed by GC–MS. With the current influx of 3D printing materials, users are urged to exercise caution. Operators must also take cognizance of the potential toxicity of the chemicals used in 3DP and implement safety measures to limit their exposure.

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“…In addition, the toxicity of methacrylate esters is theorized to involve alkylation of critical cellular nucleophiles via Michael addition [25]. Some of the developmental endpoints observed in toxic bioassays are comparable to those reported in animal studies that linked methacrylic esters to embryonic fetal toxicity, teratogenicity [22] and cardiovascular function [26,27] outcomes, resins should possess high curing rate, good storage stability, low toxicity, low viscosity, and display adequate mechanical properties after photocuring [31]. Resins with relatively low viscosity are likely to produce rapid polymerisation yielding crosslinked polymers with properties suited to the demands imposed by the target application [32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Biocompatibility of 3D Printed Methacrylate for Hearing Aids and Inner Ear Devices

Alifui‐Segbaya¹,

George²

2018

Preprint

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The capacity of 3D printing (3DP) technologies to initiate speedy polymerization of solvent free resins accounts for their utility in the manufacturing of medical devices. Nonetheless, independent biological evaluation of 3D printed materials is recommended due to the unique parameters of the manufacturing process, which can influence their physical, chemical, and biological properties. In this study, E-Shell 450 clear methacrylate indicated for 3DP of hearing devices was examined for biological safety using zebrafish bioassays adapted to OECD fish embryo test. In addition, the proprietary material was characterized for composition using headspace gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). To initiate the biological test, newly fertilized zebrafish eggs were cultured on non-treated and ethanol-treated methacrylates in glass petri dishes with ultrapure water, incubated at 28.5°C and assessed for developmental endpoints of toxicity at 24h interval until 96h. Toxicological data indicate non-treated methacrylate is extremely toxic in zebrafish bioassays whereas ethanol-treated counterpart showed a relative lower toxicity possibly due to ethanoic-aqueous interactions as observed by GC-MS. With the current influx of 3D printing materials, users are urged to exercise caution.Operators must also take cognizance of the potential toxicity of the chemicals used in 3DP and implement safety measures to limit their exposure.

show abstract

Synthesis and properties of a low-viscosity UV-curable oligomer for three-dimensional printing

Cited by 26 publications

References 17 publications

Acrylate‐based photosensitive resin for stereolithographic three‐dimensional printing

Acrylate‐based photosensitive resin for stereolithographic three‐dimensional printing

Biocompatibility of 3D-Printed Methacrylate for Hearing Devices

Biocompatibility of 3D Printed Methacrylate for Hearing Aids and Inner Ear Devices

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