Synthesis and testing of glycerol ketals as components for diesel fuel

Oprescu, Elena-Emilia; Stepan, Emil; Dragomir, Raluca Elena; Radu, Anita-Laura; Rosca, Paul

doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.12.017

Cited by 47 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…We studied the reductive conversion of solketal (the best known glycerol derivative) into a mixture of GIPEs. Solketal is a convenient intermediate in the chemistry of glycerol: it can be easily prepared by the ketalization of glycerol, it has a free hydroxyl group, which makes it possible to perform selective alkylation (acylation), and the protective ketal group can be readily removed by acid hydrolysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because there are no reliable data on glycerol etherification with isopropanol (particularly the reaction regioselectivity) in the scientific literature, we performed the direct alkylation of glycerolw ith isopropanol over an Am-berlyst36i on-exchange resin, which is as uitable catalyst for glyceroletherification. [2,13,17,20,44] We studied the reductivec onversion of solketal( the best known glycerol derivative) [1,[45][46][47][48] into am ixture of GIPEs.S olketal is ac onvenient intermediate in the chemistry of glycerol:i t can be easily prepared by the ketalization of glycerol, it has af ree hydroxyl group, which makes it possible to perform selective alkylation (acylation), and the protective ketal group can be readily removed by acid hydrolysis. Solketali ss oluble in hydrocarbons, and it possesses ah igh octane number, [49,50] its viscosity is lower and its volatility is considerably higher than those of glycerol;t herefore, it is ap otentialf uel component.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Glycerol Isopropyl Ethers: Direct Synthesis from Alcohols and Synthesis by the Reduction of Solketal

et al. 2017

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The catalytic reduction of solketal ((2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐4‐yl)methanol) over bifunctional heterogeneous palladium catalysts is proposed as an alternative to the synthesis of glycerol isopropyl ethers by the etherification of glycerol. The direct synthesis of glycerol isopropyl ethers from isopropanol and glycerol requires severe conditions (T=130–150 °C, p(H2)=20–35 bar) and a large excess of isopropanol to reach a considerable yield. The main reaction products in the catalytic reduction of solketal are glycerol mono‐ and di‐isopropyl ethers and solketal isopropyl ether. Solketal conversion over Al‐HMS‐supported palladium catalysts (T=120 °C and p(H2)=20 bar) affords a mixture of ethers with a high degree of conversion (87 %), 78 % selectivity, and excellent regioselectivity between isomeric ethers. Zeolite‐BEA‐supported palladium catalysts also exhibit high activity but much lower selectivity because of intense acetone aldol condensation. The effects of Si/Al ratios in BEA zeolites and Al‐HMS aluminosilicates and the amounts of supported palladium (1 and 2 wt %) on the properties of the catalysts at different reaction temperatures and hydrogen pressures are considered.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycerol Isopropyl Ethers: Direct Synthesis from Alcohols and Synthesis by the Reduction of Solketal

et al. 2017

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“…Alternatively, solid acids have successfully catalyzed these reactions [28]. However, besides laborious synthesis, sometimes water produced during reaction may result in the catalyst leaching [29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solvent-free heteropolyacid-catalyzed glycerol ketalization at room temperature

2015

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Currently, the glycerol has been produced in large amounts as biodiesel co-product. Therefore, to develop processes to convert it to more valuable chemicals has attracted significance attention. Glycerol ketals are compounds useful as synthesis intermediates, and fragrances ingredient and mainly, bioadditives for diesel and gasoline, and have been produced trough reactions catalyzed by mineral acids. In this work, we assessed the activity of H 3 PW 12 O 40 heteropolyacid on glycerol ketalization with different ketones at room temperature and in the absence of an auxiliary solvent. The effects of the principal reactional parameters such as the reactants stoichiometry, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, and type of carbonylic reactant were investigated. H 3 PW 12 O 40 heteropolyacid was much more active than other Brønsted acid catalysts evaluated (i.e. H 2 SO 4 , p-toluenesulfonic acid, H 3 PMo 12 O 40 or H 4 SiW 12 O 40 ) and exhibited high selectivity toward five-membered (1,3-dioxolane) cyclic ketals. Although homogeneous, heteropolyacid catalyst could be recovered and reused without loss activity.

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“…Sulfated metal oxides (SO 4 2 À /M x O y ) are a useful group of strong solid acid catalysts. Due to their strong acidity, easy to separate, and recover from the product mixture, they are widely used in catalysis [31][32][33][34]. The ability of solid acid to act as a catalyst is due to the presence of different types of acid sites which provide active surface for the chemical reaction to take place on.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%