Synthesis and ultrastructural studies of styrene-divinylbenzene Polyhipe polymers

Hainey, P.; Huxham, I.M.; Rowatt, B.; Sherrington, D. C.; Tetley, Lawrence

doi:10.1021/ma00001a019

Cited by 190 publications

(159 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Two different methods have been used for the functionalization of polyHIPE monoliths: (i) the co-polymerization of a functional monomer with styrene (St) and (ii) the grafting of polymer chains onto the surface [10][11][12][13]. For example, in their recent study, Cameron and co-workers [14] and Stefanec and Kranjc [15] have introduced a functional monomer, 4-vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC), in the continuous phase of HIPE to prepare porous spherical polymer supports.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Characterization of Polyester–Glycidyl Methacrylate PolyHIPE Monoliths to Use in Heavy Metal Removal

Mert

Kaya

Yıldırım

2012

Designed Monomers and Polymers

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Polyester-glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)-based poly(high internal phase emulsion)s (polyHIPEs) with 85% internal phase were prepared by using unsaturated polyester resin (UPR), glycidyl metahacrylate and divinylbenzene (DVB) or styrene (St) with triethanolamine (TEA) as an emulsifier in the presence of a porogen. Porous monoliths were obtained by a removal of internal phase after curing of dispersed phase at 80°C. Morphologies and surface properties of obtained porous monoliths were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Brunauner-Emmet-Teller (BET) molecular adsorption methods. Amine functionalization of epoxy groups of polyHIPEs was achieved by reactions with several amines such as 1,4-ethylenediamine (EDA), 1,6-hexamethylenediamine (HMDA), 4-aminosalicylic acid (ASA), 2-aminothiazole (ATAL), 4-aminobenzothiazole (ABTAL) and 2-phenylimidazole (PIAL), respectively. The functionalized polyHIPEs were characterized by elemental analysis and the best result was obtained with the 1,4-ethylenediamine (EDA) ligand. The adsorption capacities of the modified monoliths for Ag(I), Cu(II) and Cr(III) were determined under non-competitive conditions at room temperature. The results showed that the maximum adsorption capacities of the modified monoliths decrease in order of Ag(I) > Cu(II) > Cr(III) and polyHIPE with 2-phenylimidazole (PIAL) groups is the most effective adsorbent for heavy metal ions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Characterization of Polyester–Glycidyl Methacrylate PolyHIPE Monoliths to Use in Heavy Metal Removal

Mert

Kaya

Yıldırım

2012

Designed Monomers and Polymers

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“…In the liquid-liquid suspension polymerization technique (8), most of the active pharmaceutical compounds would decompose at the polymerization temperature. Again, the microsponges obtained by the quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion technique (5) have been criticized for their poor surface morphology.…”

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confidence: 99%

Development and evaluation of xanthan gum-facilitated ethyl cellulose microsponges for controlled percutaneous delivery of diclofenac sodium

Maiti¹,

Kaity²,

Ray³

et al. 2011

Acta Pharmaceutica

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In this study, xanthan gum-facilitated ethyl cellulose microsponges were prepared by the double emulsification technique and subsequently dispersed in a carbopol gel base for controlled delivery of diclofenac sodium to the skin. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the porous, spherical nature of the microsponges. Increase in the drug/ polymer ratio (0.4:1, 0.6:1, 0.8:1, m/m) increased their yield (79.1-88.5 %), drug entrapment efficiency (50.0-64.1 %), and mean particle diameter (181-255 mm). Compared to the microsponges with high drug/polymer ratio (0.8:1, m/m), the flux of entrapped drug through excised rat skin decreased by 19.9 % and 17.0 %, respectively, for the microsponges prepared at low and intermediate drug/polymer ratios. When an equivalent amount of pure drug (not entrapped into microsponges) was dispersed into the gel base and the flux was compared, the microsponges (drug/polymer ratio 0.8:1, m/m) were found to reduce the flux by 33.3 %. Whether the drug was dispersed either in un-entrapped or entrapped form into the gel base, the drug permeation through rat skin followed Higuchi's diffusion kinetic model. The microsponges prepared at the lowest drug/polymer ratio exhibited a comparatively slower drug permeation profile and were hence considered most suitable for controlled drug delivery application. FTIR spectroscopy and DSC analyses indicated the chemically stable, amorphous nature of the drug in these microsponges. The gel containing these optimized microsponges was comparable to that of a commercial gel formulation and did not show serious dermal reactions. Hence, the microsponge system obtained at the lowest drug/polymer ratio could be useful for controlled release of diclofenac sodium to the skin.

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“…We improved the pentane degradation process yield by immobilizing Arthrobacter cells on a support of macroporous polystirene particles This porous matrix represents a range of low density cellular material (Hainey et al 1991) which yielded promising results as it possesses high internal phase volumes, large surface areas and high mechanical rigidity, and provides a fully interconnected structure to allow the rapid transfer of nutrients to the cells. The use of this support has already been described for the immobilization of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells (Hough et al 1989;Griffiths & Bosley 1993).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiological degradation of pentane by immobilized cells of Arthrobacter sp.

2005

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The increasing production of several plastics such as expanded polystyrene, widely used as packaging and building materials, has caused the release of considerable amounts of pentane employed as an expanding agent. Today many microorganisms are used to degrade hydrocarbons in order to minimize contamination caused by several industrial activities. The aim of our work was to identify a suitable microorganism to degrade pentane. We focused our attention on a strain of Arthrobacter sp. which in a shake-flask culture produced 95% degradation of a 10% mixture of pentane in a minimal medium after 42 days of incubation at 20°C. Arthrobacter sp. cells were immobilized on a macroporous polystyrene particle matrix that provides a promising novel support for cell immobilization. The method involved culturing cells with the expanded polystyrene in shake-flasks, followed by in situ growth within the column. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed extensive growth of Arthrobacter sp. on the polymeric surface. The immobilized microorganism was able to actively degrade a 10% mixture of pentane, allowing us to obtain a bioconversion yield of 90% after 36 h. Moreover, in repeated-batch operations, immobilized Arthrobacter sp. cells were able to maintain 85-95% pentane degradation during a 2 month period. Our results suggest that this type of bioreactor could be used in pentane environmental decontamination.

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Synthesis and ultrastructural studies of styrene-divinylbenzene Polyhipe polymers

Cited by 190 publications

References 13 publications

Preparation and Characterization of Polyester–Glycidyl Methacrylate PolyHIPE Monoliths to Use in Heavy Metal Removal

Preparation and Characterization of Polyester–Glycidyl Methacrylate PolyHIPE Monoliths to Use in Heavy Metal Removal

Development and evaluation of xanthan gum-facilitated ethyl cellulose microsponges for controlled percutaneous delivery of diclofenac sodium

Microbiological degradation of pentane by immobilized cells of Arthrobacter sp.

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