Synthesis, Characterization and Anti-Microbial Activity of <em>Citrus limon</em> Mediated Nanoparticles

Abstract

Previously the nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical methods which were costly 15 and toxic to bio-systems. Plant extracts provides simpler, eco-friendly and cost efficient method for 16 synthesizing nanoparticles. Lemon peel extract (LPE) was used to synthesize silver nanoparticles 17 (AgNPs) which were evaluated for their antimicrobial effects after optimizing the pH of extract and 18 concentration of both extract and synthesized AgNPs. The characterization of synthesized AgNPs 19 was carried out using Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared 20 spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Well diffusion method was used to determine the 21 antimicrobial activities of synthesized AgNPs. The presence of phenols and proteins was assumed to 22 reduce the Ag + ion into silver nanoparticles. The characteristic surface plasmon resonance frequency 23 was observed at 405-425 nm for all varying condition of silver nanoparticles synthesis. Furthermore, 24 results revealed that the synthesized AgNPs remains stable upto 75 days. The average particle size 25 was 2-5 nm, calculated with the help of scherrer's equation by using XRD data. LPE mediated 26 AgNPs (200 µg/ml) showed significant antimicrobial activity, compared to commercially available 27 nanoparticles while LPE (50 mg/ml) showed no effect. LPE mediated AgNPs might get attention of 28 pharmacists in order to design medicines against different diseases including the infections of 29 bacteria.30 Introduction 32The word "nano" originates from Greek, meaning "dwarf" and it is equivalent to one billion parts of 33 a meter [1]. The submicron size particles having diameter in the range of 1-100 nm are termed as 34 nanoparticles (NPs), showed special interest owing to vast applications in different fields including 35 chemistry, photography, and especially in medicine [2,3]. There are two kinds of NPs, first one are 36 synthesized by human beings intentionally, often termed as "engineered" NPs, and second one are a nanoparticles have gained special importance because of its smile size, increase surface area, surface 39 Plasmon property (SPR), good electrical and optical properties and many more [5]. 40 The metal nanoparticles can be synthesized by using bottom-up or top-down approach both of 41 which further comprise the chemical, physical and biological method [6,7]. The chemical and 42 physical methods employed for the synthesis of NPs are excessively costly, furthermore including 43 lethal, perilous chemicals such as ammonia (NH3), sodium boro-hydrate, ammonium formate, 44 sodium citrate, aniline and hydrazine that can directly damage the living organisms [8]. The 45 chemical and physical methods employed for the synthesis of NPs are excessively costly, 46 furthermore including lethal, perilous chemicals that can directly damage the living organisms [9]. 47 235 particles showed mono-dispersivity in the solution. LPE have potent capping, reducing and 236 stabilizing agents including proteins, phenols, terpenes, and alcohols whi...

Eco-friendly Approach for Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis from Lemon Extract and their Anti-oxidant, Anti-bacterial, and Anti-cancer Activities

“…As shown in the data in Tables 1 and 2. This is in agreement with many studies; Samreen, Muzaffar, et al (2018) conducted a study on different bacterial strains, and the results indicated a significant inhibition of AgNPs compared to the absence of any inhibition for lemon extract (45). Furthermore, Mosae Selvakumar, Antonyraj, et al (2016), and Niluxsshun, Masilamani, et al (2021) discovered that lemon extract has slight activity while the zone of inhibition around AgNPs was significantly higher than the extract and controls and nearer to the inhibition of standard antibiotics (5,19).…”

“…Although silver has anti-bacterial properties, lemon juice is rich in biologically active compounds such as flavonoids, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds, which act as natural antibiotics against pathogens in the body, such as bacteria (10,43). AgNPs differed significantly at p < 0.05 from lemon juice and AgNO3 (45). AgNPs have activity of silver NP derived from lemon juice showed enhancement in activity due to the synergistic effect of silver and biologically active compounds of lemon juice.…”

Fruit and Vegetable Peels: Utilization of High Value Horticultural Waste in Novel Industrial Applications

“…Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized with domestic waste potato peel after 24 h of incubation using starch present in the potato peel to reduce the metal ion [ 63 ]. Banana, pomegranate, lemon and orange peel extracts have also been found to possess the ability to reduce silver (Ag + ) ions in aqueous solutions to synthesize silver (Ag) nanoparticles [ 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ]. Likewise, ZnO-NPs have been synthesized using tomato, grapefruit, lemon and orange peel [ 61 ].…”