“…However, there are sharp peaks present at 2θ values of 17.1° and 34.2° which can be attributed to the impregnated material, CaO. Similarly assigned peaks have been reported before showing the presence of CaO [ 26 , 27 ]. Fig.…”
HighlightsValorization of abundantly available waste date pits biomass.Synthesized carbon catalyst possesses pore size >5 suitable for transesterification.Green carbon catalyst found to be highly efficient and provided a biodiesel yield of 98.2%.Produced biodiesel possessed acceptable fuel properties as per ASTM and EN standards.
“…However, there are sharp peaks present at 2θ values of 17.1° and 34.2° which can be attributed to the impregnated material, CaO. Similarly assigned peaks have been reported before showing the presence of CaO [ 26 , 27 ]. Fig.…”
HighlightsValorization of abundantly available waste date pits biomass.Synthesized carbon catalyst possesses pore size >5 suitable for transesterification.Green carbon catalyst found to be highly efficient and provided a biodiesel yield of 98.2%.Produced biodiesel possessed acceptable fuel properties as per ASTM and EN standards.
“…Usually, the obtained eggshell was washed with distilled water for dust and impurities removal [41]. The cleaned eggshell will be dried in an oven at 100 °C overnight and the particle size was further reduced using grinding mortar.…”
Section: Heterogeneous Catalyst Derived From Eggshellmentioning
Biodiesel is one of the most promising method to replace the fossil fuels because it is more environmentally friendly. Nevertheless, biodiesel manufacturing costs are much higher compared to conventional fossil fuels. Thus, the biodiesel should be synthesizing from reusable wastes to minimize the production cost. Homogeneous catalyst is the most common catalyst employed in the commercial biodiesel field. However, there are some drawbacks in using homogeneous catalyst in the reaction such as the difficulties faced in separation process of the homogeneous catalyst from the mixture of product. The presence of promising current technology has proved that the utilization of heterogeneous catalyst can assist in overcoming the existing problem of homogeneous catalytic reaction, especially in wastewater generation. The heterogeneous catalysts are more environmentally friendly, easier to separate and its reusability property. Despite its low production cost and its beneficial use as an eco-friendly waste recycle method, waste materials may possess qualities and characteristics that differ from the conventional homogeneous catalyst prior to biodiesel production. This review paper focused in the recent discovery of the heterogeneous catalyst synthesized from natural bio-waste materials, especially CaO-based such as eggshells, seashells and bones for biodiesel production. Apart from that, gypsum, part of the construction waste is proposed as the newly found heterogeneous catalyst. Gypsum exists abundantly due to the rapid development of the economics where construction and demolition activities are happening daily. The utilization of these construction waste-based catalysts may able to provide a sustainable route for biodiesel production. This review will enhance the development and existing scientific data in the area of biodiesel production and the synthesis of CaObased catalyst especially the synthesis of CaO-based catalysts from construction material.
“…Hybrid heterogenous catalyst made from rice husk and egg shell are sources of silica and calcium oxide, respectively . The prepared catalyst performed more effectively than CaO alone.…”
Depletion of oil reserves, increasing prices of petroleum products, and environmental concerns related to air pollution are the main driving forces for utilizing renewable energy resources to replace fossil fuels. Vegetable oils can be used to produce biodiesel. Biodiesel is obtained by transesterification of vegetable oil with alcohol using homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts. In the industry, biodiesel is produced by heterogeneous catalysts due to high activity and selectivity, better reusability, reduction in processing steps, and wastes. The catalytic activity of catalysts depends on the strength and type of intrinsic basic or/and acid properties. Biodiesel production using heterogenous catalysts depends on the various reaction parameters such as reaction time, temperature, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, catalyst amount, and stirring speed. In this paper, the catalytic transesterification of various feedstocks such as edible oil, non‐edible oil, and waste using heterogeneous catalysts has been reviewed and optimization parameters for maximum biodiesel production have been summarized.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
