“…Ni, Mn, Co, Cu, Pb, Cd, etc. have effective electronic structures and stabilities can be considered as effective catalysts. , Many studies have used non-noble metals such as Ni-Co, , Ni-Mn, Ni-Cu, NiCu 2 O 4 , Ni-Co-Zn, and Co-Ni-Mo to reduce the costs and to improve the catalytic performances in different electrooxidation reactions . It is believed that mixed valences/states of transition metals and transition metal oxides, owing to synergistic impacts of unique electronic structures, can enhance ion transportation and hence electrocatalytic performance. , …”