Synthesis, characterization, and swelling behavior evaluation of hydrogels based on Gum ghatti and acrylamide for selective absorption of saline from different petroleum fraction–saline emulsions

Abstract

In this research article, the synthesis of Gum ghatti and acrylamide based superabsorbents under pressure with N,N 0 -methylene bisacrylamide as a crosslinker and an ascorbic acid-potassium persulfate redox pair as an initiator is reported. To study the impact of the different reaction variables on the water absorbance of the candidate polymer, different reaction parameters, including the reaction time, amount of solvent, pH of the medium, initiator ratio, pressure, and monomer and crosslinker concentrations, were optimized. The candidate polymer was characterized with different techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, differential thermogravimetry, and X-ray diffraction. The crosslinked product was found to be thermally more stable than the initial backbone. The swelling capacity of the synthesized polymer was investigated in deionized water as a function of time, temperature, and pH of the swelling medium. Moreover, the effects of the ionic strengths of different cations on the swelling capacity of the candidate polymer were studied with different salt solutions. The tendency of absorbency for these hydrogels in salt solutions was found to be in the following order: Na þ > Ba 2þ > Fe 3þ > Sn 4þ for NaCl, BaCl 2 , FeCl 3 , and SnCl 4 salt solutions. Further, the candidate polymer was used for the selective absorption of saline water from different petroleum fraction-saline emulsions. The results showed that the saline absorption capacities of the hydrogels were 667, 610, 646, and 680% in kerosene-saline, diesel-saline, petrol-saline, and petroleum ether-saline emulsions, respectively.

Gum ghatti and poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) based biodegradable hydrogel-evaluation of the flocculation and adsorption properties

“…The third and final stage of the thermal decomposition of the Gg-cl-P(AAM-co-AA) hydrogel polymer occurred between the temperature range of the 496.72e576.9 C (percentage weight loss ¼ 20.27%), this stage of thermal decomposition was due to the formation of polynuclear aromatic and graphitic carbon structures [16]. Furthermore, the IDT of the Gg-cl-P(AAM-co-AA) hydrogel polymer was found to be lower (IDT ¼ 137.2 C) and FDT was found to be higher (FDT ¼ 576.9 C) than the Gg (IDT ¼ 206.9 C and FDT ¼ 521.6 C) [46]. The lower IDT of the hydrogel polymer as compared to the Gg was due the fact that the graft co-polymerization of the Gg with the co-polymer mixture of the P(AAM-co-AA) decomposed the copolymer chains and accompanied the formation of the imide groups with the evolution of ammonia [37].…”

“…1. The DTA of the Gg-cl-P(AAM-co-AA) hydrogel polymer showed two exothermic peaks at 532.2 C (67.8 mV) and 576.2 C (153.6 mV), whereas the DTA of the Gg showed the exothermic peaks at 483.2 C (203 mV) and 492.7 C (154 mV) [46]. From the DTA data it is clear that the heat evolved in the thermal decomposition of Gg-cl-P(AAM-co-AA) hydrogel polymer is very less as compared to Gg.…”

Enteric Delivery of Diclofenac Sodium through Functionally Modified Poly(acrylamide-grafted-Ghatti gum)-based pH-sensitive Hydrogel Beads: Development, Formulation and Evaluation

“…The initial increase in swelling may be attributed to the highly porous and flexible network structure that could hold more water molecules however further increase in PAAM concentration resulted in firm and dense crosslinked moiety, thereby showing lesser swelling. 19 …”

Investigation of citric acid–glycerol based pH-sensitive biopolymeric hydrogels for dye removal applications: A green approach

“…However, the present work has been designed with biodegradable and pH tuning ability. Glutaraldehyde (Leung, 2001;Shifeng et al, 2009;Bajpai et al, 2015), MBA (Bajpai and Johnson, 2005;Kaith et al, 2012;Chengjun and Qinglin, 2011) TMPTA-trimethylolpropane triacrylate, 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate (Karadag et al, 2002). Biodegradability of hydrogels have tuned by Ester linkages in a polymer network.…”