Synthesis, Detailed Characterization, and Dual Drug Delivery Application of BSA Loaded Aquasomes

Abstract

Aquasomes (AQ) are self-assembled nanostructures, made up of a spherical hydroxyapatite core and a carbohydrate layer on top, for delivering bioactive molecules like proteins, peptides, etc., which are adsorbed on the carbohydrate layer. This is the first report of its kind demonstrating AQ as an efficient dual drug delivery system, capable of releasing bioactive molecule and a hydrophobic drug together. The synthesized AQ before and after adsorption of the bioactive molecule are characterized using dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, small-angle X-ray scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and Raman spectroscopy. BSA (bovine serum albumin) protein is used as the model bioactive molecule for the in vitro dual release studies along with representative hydrophobic drugs Coumarin 153 (C153), Warfarin (WAR), and Ibuprofen (IBU). The release behaviors of the hydrophobic drugs are explained by studying their binding interactions with BSA. The binding interactions of the drugs with BSA are analyzed by carrying out fluorescence quenching experiment of BSA, site marking competition experiment, anisotropy, and E T (30) studies. Further, in vitro biocompatibility studies are performed for dually loaded AQ by using hemolysis assay. The hemolysis assay do not show any lysing of the red blood cells, suggesting the formulations to be clinically capable for administration.

Biomineralization of Aggregation-Induced Emission-Active Photosensitizers for pH-Mediated Tumor Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy

“…However, most current CaCO 3 mineralized nanoparticles are prepared by using polycarboxyl polymers in an alkaline environment to attract Ca 2+ through electrostatic interactions and then complete the mineralization by introducing CO 3 2– , while the nanoparticles prepared by this method require further hydrophilization treatment due to the hydrophobicity of the polymer . The surface of bovine serum albumin (BSA) contains sufficient carboxyl groups, which can be used for the coordination of metal ions and the modification of nanoparticles through π–π interactions or electrostatic adsorption, and gives it excellent biocompatibility and hydrophilicity. , Therefore, further hydrophilic treatment will not be required for the BSA-employed nanoprobes, thus showing a promising application prospect of BSA selected as the backbone to realize the calcium mineralization of AIE PS molecules.…”

“…17 The surface of bovine serum albumin (BSA) contains sufficient carboxyl groups, which can be used for the coordination of metal ions and the modification of nanoparticles through π−π interactions or electrostatic adsorption, and gives it excellent biocompatibility and hydrophilicity. 18,19 Therefore, further hydrophilic treatment will not be required for the BSAemployed nanoprobes, thus showing a promising application prospect of BSA selected as the backbone to realize the calcium mineralization of AIE PS molecules.…”

Injectable niclosamide nanohybrid as an anti-SARS-CoV-2 strategy

“…The major reason for selecting BSA was due to its immense bio-compatibility[ 20 , 21 ] and stabilizing capability [ 22 ]. Various biomedical applications including drug delivery [ [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] ], tissue engineering [ [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] ] and bio imaging, etc. extensively utilize BSA.…”

Biomimetic Platelet Nanomotors for Site-Specific Thrombolysis and Ischemic Injury Alleviation

“…As established, the BSA peptide is widely used as the model bioactive peptide molecule for formulation and in vitro release studies. 49,50 In this study, the BSA represents the P6 model peptide drug and was used in the formulation test for optimization. The particle size of formulations prepared from (BSA) peptide@PEDOT with a feeding weight ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:50, and 1:100 w/w in PLT (1.5 × 10 9 /mL) was decreased as shown in Figure 1a.…”

“…The sufficient functional sites (for instance, carboxyl, phosphate, and amino groups) and hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties on the coarse surface of PLT − promoted the deposition of PEDOT, allowing peptide drugs to graft directly on PLT to fabricate and coassemble peptide@PEDOT@PLT. As established, the BSA peptide is widely used as the model bioactive peptide molecule for formulation and in vitro release studies. , In this study, the BSA represents the P6 model peptide drug and was used in the formulation test for optimization. The particle size of formulations prepared from (BSA) peptide@PEDOT with a feeding weight ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:50, and 1:100 w/w in PLT (1.5 × 10 9 /mL) was decreased as shown in Figure a.…”