Synthesis of a novel compound based on chitosan and ammonium polyphosphate for flame retardancy applications

Prabhakar, M. N.; Raghavendra, Gownolla Malegowd; Vijaykumar, B.V.D.; Patil, Kalpesh; Seo, Jongchul; Song, Jing

doi:10.1007/s10570-019-02671-y

Cited by 77 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Based on the above analysis, the proposed flame‐retardant mechanism of PLLA composite is presented in Scheme 2. During thermal decomposition, APP lost NH 3 , which diluted the amount of ignitable gas in the air and absorbed some combustion heat 31 . Besides, the phosphoric acid from APP was available for phosphorylation to accelerate the formation of the char layer.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…During thermal decomposition, APP lost NH 3 , which diluted the amount of ignitable gas in the air and absorbed some combustion heat. 31 Besides, the phosphoric acid from APP was available for phosphorylation to accelerate the formation of the char layer. In addition, the H 2 O released from the above reaction also took effect in the gas phase, which lowered heat release and prevented the burning process.…”

Section: Flame Retardancymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simultaneously enhanced fracture toughness and flame‐retardant property of poly(l‐lactic acid) via reactive blending with ammonium polyphosphate andin situformed polyurethane

Wang

et al. 2020

Polymer International

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The preparation of poly(l‐lactic acid) (PLLA) with high mechanical and ideal flame‐retardant properties is a great challenge. Herein, a simultaneous toughness and flame‐retardant PLLA composite was successfully fabricated by using a one‐step process which introduces 4,4′‐methylenediphenyl diisocyanate and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) into PLLA/poly(ε‐caprolactone) blends. SEM, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and TGA were adopted to confirm that APP participated in the in situ reaction during the melt process. The impact strength was increased to 13.5 kJ m−2 from 1.0 kJ m−2 for L8P2A5 composite, indicating the toughening effect of reactive blending. The cone calorimeter test, limiting oxygen index and vertical burning test results indicate that the flame‐retardant properties of the composites are enhanced with increasing APP content. This work provides a method to prepare PLLA with high mechanical properties and enhanced flame retardancy. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Flame Retardancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneously enhanced fracture toughness and flame‐retardant property of poly(l‐lactic acid) via reactive blending with ammonium polyphosphate andin situformed polyurethane

Wang

et al. 2020

Polymer International

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“…From Figure 15 a, the binding energy (BE) at 284.1 eV and 286.8 eV for C 1s peaks was assigned to C–C or C=C groups in aliphatic and aromatic fragments, or C–O in P–O–C groups, respectively, while the signal at 533.1 eV in Figure 15 b corresponds to –O– in P–O–C [ 59 ]. The peak at 134.7 eV of the P 2p spectra in Figure 15 c and 401.2 eV of N 1s spectra in Figure 15 d correspond to the P–O–P bond and the C–N or C=N in the triazine structures, respectively [ 16 , 59 , 60 ]. Theoretically, the content of elemental C in FPLA-C33 and FPLA-C53 should be increased by 3% and 5% above that of the 30%BC-m addition, whereas the actual C values in the residue of these composites were 41.62% and 44.02%, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid with a Biodegradable Fire-Retardant Filler System Based on Bamboo Charcoal

Zhang

Chai

et al. 2021

Polymers

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A cooperative flame-retardant system based on natural intumescent-grafted bamboo charcoal (BC) and chitosan (CS) was developed for polylactic acid (PLA) with improved flame retardancy and minimal decline in strength properties. Chitosan (CS) as an adhesion promoter improved the interfacial compatibility between graft-modified bamboo charcoal (BC-m) and PLA leading to enhanced tensile properties by 11.11% and 8.42%, respectively for tensile strength and modulus. At 3 wt.% CS and 30 wt.% BC-m, the crystallinity of the composite increased to 38.92%, or 43 times that of pure PLA (0.9%). CS promotes the reorganization of the internal crystal structure. Thermogravimetric analysis showed significantly improved material retention of PLA composites in nitrogen and air atmosphere. Residue rate for 5 wt.% CS and 30 wt.% BC-m was 29.42% which is 55.1% higher than the theoretical value of 18.97%. Flammability tests (limiting oxygen index-LOI and UL-94) indicated significantly improved flame retardancy and evidence of cooperation between CS and BC-m, with calculated cooperative effectiveness index(Ce) >1. From CONE tests, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) were reduced by 26.9% and 30.5%, respectively, for 3% CS + 20% BC-m in PLA compared with adding 20% BC-m alone. Analysis of carbon residue morphology, chemical elements and structure suggest CS and BC-m form a more stable char containing pyrophosphate. This char provides heat insulation to inhibit complete polymer pyrolysis, resulting in improved flame retardancy of PLA composites. Optimal mix may be recommended at 20% BC-m + 3% CS to balance compatibility, composite strength properties and flame retardance.

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“…As for LF, the peaks at 1430 cm − 1 and 1032 cm − 1 were typical bands of -OH and C-O stretching, respectively (Hejna et al, 2020). The peaks at 1072 cm − 1 (P-O) and 1246 cm − 1 (P = O)were typical peaks of ammonium polyphosphate (Prabhakar et al, 2019). In the FTIR spectrum of LFPN, it can be seen not only characteristic peaks of APP at 1242 cm − 1 (P = O) and 1430 cm − 1 (N-H) (Prabhakar et al, 2019) but also the characteristic peak of LF at 1032 cm − 1 (C-O).…”

Section: Chemical Structure Analysis Of Lfpnmentioning

confidence: 93%

Green Synthesis of Biobased P-N Coating Via Mechanochemistry Strategy: For High-Eficiency Flame Retardant Finish of Cotton Fabric

Piao

Ren

Wang

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Cotton fabric is widely used in many occasions, but it is flammable with high fire risk. To meet the great fire safety demands of cotton fabric, a novel lignocellulosic-based P-N synergistic (LFPN) flame-retardant coating with high efficiency and environment friendly was developed via mechanochemistry strategy in the aqueous phase. The characterisation results showed the stable P-O-C bond formed to bind both lignocellulosic fibre and ammonium polyphosphate (APP). Meanwhile, LFPN has an excellent dispersion in water with a nanometer-scale enveloping rod structure. The cotton fabric treated by the LFPN coating showed outstanding flame-retardant properties, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) was reduced by 77% and the residue mass was increased by 259% compared with control cotton fabric. And there was a self-extinction phenomenon during the flammability test of flame retardant cotton. Based on the analysis of the combustion and pyrolysis process, a gas-condensed two-phase flame retardant mechanism model was proposed, which could be used to explain the action process of LFPN for cotton fabric during combustion.

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Synthesis of a novel compound based on chitosan and ammonium polyphosphate for flame retardancy applications

Cited by 77 publications

References 34 publications

Simultaneously enhanced fracture toughness and flame‐retardant property of poly(l‐lactic acid) via reactive blending with ammonium polyphosphate andin situformed polyurethane

Simultaneously enhanced fracture toughness and flame‐retardant property of poly(l‐lactic acid) via reactive blending with ammonium polyphosphate andin situformed polyurethane

Enhancement of Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid with a Biodegradable Fire-Retardant Filler System Based on Bamboo Charcoal

Green Synthesis of Biobased P-N Coating Via Mechanochemistry Strategy: For High-Eficiency Flame Retardant Finish of Cotton Fabric

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