“…[ 21 ] Dendritic cells (DCs), one of the most important antigen presenting cells, [ 22 ] play an important role in the initiation and regulation of innate and adaptive immunities. In order to investigate how immune system responds to PCNs, bone marrow-derived DCs separated from BALB/c mice are incubated with PPy nanoparticles, the spherical nanocomposites (SDS-5) and the raspberry-like ones (SDS-160) at a concentration of 50 µg mL −1 for 12 h. We fi nd that the SDS-160 is able to up-regulate the expression of CD80 and CD86 ( Figure 4 a and Figure S11, Supporting Information), costimulatory molecules that mark the maturation of DCs, [ 23 ] and the secretion levels of interleukin 1β (IL-β) and interleukin 12 (IL-12) signifi cantly after incubation (Figure 4 b), while the spherical nanocomposites (SDS-5) and pure PPy nanoparticles show much weaker effects.…”