Synthesis of biodiesel in subcritical water and methanol

Biodiesel production under subcritical solvent condition using subcritical water treated whole Jatropha curcas seed kernels and possible use of hydrolysates to grow Yarrowia lipolytica

“…The presence of water at 523 K promotes hydrolysis of lipids thus indirectly lowering the activation energy in FAME production since FFAs can be esterified at lower activation energies [7]. Another possible reason is the catalytic activity of SCW at the reaction condition employed as observed by other researchers [10,14,15]. High methanol loading used in this study favored the forward esterification reaction, contributing to high FAME yield observed.…”

“…Chen et al [6] using Jatropha curcas L. (JCL) seed oil adopted a similar concept. Ju et al [10] utilized SCW for the transesterification reaction of soybean oil. Although most of the SCW treatments and reactions were carried out at 473-623 K, the use of strong mineral acids and corrosive bases can be avoided as ions of SCW exhibit both acidic and basic properties.…”

In situ biodiesel production from wet Chlorella vulgaris under subcritical condition

“…In our previous study on producing FAMEs from soybean oil under subcritical condition, it was found that water amount did have significant effect on the yield of FAMEs [40].…”

Total acid number reduction kinetics of naphthenic acids using non-catalytic subcritical methanol

“…>350°C and 10 MPa, respectively [13,14]. To reduce the severity of reaction conditions subcritical methanol can be an alternative as many processes have shown high conversion of free fatty acids into biodiesel using subcritical methanol [15,16].…”