Synthesis of bulk solids processing systems

Wibowo, Christianto; Ng, Ka Ming

doi:10.1002/aic.690450804

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Most of the equip- Fayed and Ot-. ten, 1997;Perry et al, 1997;Wibowo and Ng, 1999 . Product size is the major criterion in crusher selection, and different equipment is available for different feed and product sizes. A fluid jet mill or pin disc mill can be used as the API or excipient crusher for product particles in the submicron and micron size range.…”

Section: F W F W Wmentioning

confidence: 98%

Product‐centered processing: Pharmaceutical tablets and capsules

Fung

2003

AIChE Journal

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A systematic procedure is presented for synthesizing and de®eloping a manufacturing process for pharmaceutical tablets and capsules. The product quality factors ᎏ functional, physical and sensorial ᎏ are first identified. The dosage form and excipients are then selected, and the process flowsheet is synthesized along with the suitable equipment and operating conditions. Finally, the product and process are e®aluated to ensure that the product possesses the desired quality factors. Design heuristics and physical models are pro®ided to assist decision-making. Examples in®ol®ing Vitamin C, antacid, and ginseng are pro®ided to illustrate the procedure. IntroductionPharmaceuticals with global sales expected to reach $406 billion in 2002 constitute a significant fraction of the chemi-Ž . cal processing industries Bailey, 2000 . They are delivered in different dosage formsᎏsolids, liquids, creams, pastes, and Ž . aerosols. Since active pharmaceutical ingredients API are normally in the solid state, most common are solid dosage Ž . forms, particularly tablets and capsules Zanowiak, 1988a , which are convenient to use and provide precise dosage.There are a wide variety of tablets and capsules. While the majority are designed to be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, lozenges are expected to act on the mouth and throat. Most tablets are directly swallowed, but some are supposed to be chewed by children or elderly with swallowing difficulty. Effervescent tablets are dissolved either directly in the mouth or in water before ingestion. Prolonged release tablets and capsules provide an extended therapeutic effect.Despite the economic significance of solid dosage forms, relatively little has been done from the process systems engineering perspective. This is a serious omission because an effective workflow is expected to reduce the time and effort required for launching a product. Indeed, it is generally accepted that product engineering and solids processing de-Ž serves much more attention Tanguy and Marchal, 1996;Villadsen, 1997;Kind, 1999; Wintermantel, 1999;Cussler and . Ž . Moggridge, 2001 . Recently, Wibowo and Ng 2001b consid-Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Ka M. Ng. ered the integration of product design and process design for creams and pastes; customer preferences lead to desirable quality factors that are then achieved by properly designing the process. This article presents such a product-centered systematic procedure for the synthesis and development of tablet and capsule manufacturing processes. Systematic Procedure Ž .There are 4 steps: 1 Identification of product quality fac-Ž . Ž . tors, 2 Product formulation, 3 Design of manufacturing Ž . process, and 4 Product and process evaluation. Design heuristics and physical models are presented to assist decision-making in each step.Step 1: identification of product quality factors Product quality factors other than therapeutic effects can be divided into functional, physical, and sensorial. For pharmaceuticals, the primary concern...

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Section: F W F W Wmentioning

confidence: 98%

Product‐centered processing: Pharmaceutical tablets and capsules

Fung

2003

AIChE Journal

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“…Similarly, different equipment units can be installed one after the other to accomplish the task in a single unit operation. For example, a jaw crusher followed by an air jet mill can be used to produce Ž fine powder from relatively big pieces of material Wibowo . and Ng, 1999 .…”

Section: Step 4: Generation Of Process Alternativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To obtain the desired bead size of 10᎐20 m, the slabs are crushed in two steps, using units such as a roller crusher first then an Ž . attrition mill Wibowo and Ng, 1999 . Screening is used to separate undersized particles. Finally, a post-treatment unit Ž .…”

Section: Example 1: Manufacture Of Dry Tonermentioning

confidence: 99%

Product‐centered processing: Manufacture of chemical‐based consumer products

Wibowo

2002

AIChE Journal

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“…Furthermore, it is common that the crystals are then fed into a bulk solids processing plant to produce a solids Ž . product Wibowo and Ng, 1999 . A truly optimum crystallization plant can be designed only by considering the interactions among crystallization, downstream processing, and bulk solids processing systems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%