“…Very recently, synthesis of carbon-encapsulated core-shell structure nanomaterials has stimulated great interest and a series of works have been done [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. However, most of the carbon nanomaterials synthesized by high-temperature methods, such as arc discharge and chemical vapor deposition, have hydrophobic, low-polarity, low reactivity surfaces that present challenges for their further functionalisation and dispersion in aqueous solution [17].…”