Synthesis of Catechin‐Rare Earth Complex with Efficient and Broad‐Spectrum Anti‐Biofilm Activity

Abstract

Biofilm is the crucial reason of clinical infections. Herein, green tea based polyphenol (catechin) and rare earth (RE) metal ions were employed for the preparation of catechin–RE complexes with significant anti‐biofilm properties. The complexes were characterized by FT‐IR, Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS), which suggested that catechin coordinated with RE3+ through its ortho phenolic hydroxy groups. The prepared catechin‐RE showed significant effects in anti‐biofilm growth against P. aeruginosa (Gram‐negative bacteria), S. sciuri (Gram‐positive bacteria), and A. niger (fungi), which significantly exceeded the utilization of catechin or RE3+. Morphological observations indicated that catechin supplied cell affinity to transfer RE3+ and helped to damage cell membrane, which act as a carrier to exert cytotoxicity of RE3+ to realize anti‐biofilm. Differential gene expression analysis described gene expression changes induced by catechin‐RE, including 56, 272 and 2160 downregulated genes for P. aeruginosa, S. sciuri and A. niger, respectively, which suggested critical changes in cellular metabolism, growth and other processes. These results illustrate the outstanding superiority of catechin‐RE complexes in anti‐infection aspect, i. e., the green tea based rare earth complexes are promising candidates for anti‐biofilm applications to address serious challenges in the prevention of multiple infections.

Biochemical Characterization of Traditional Varieties of Apricots (Prunus armeniaca L.) of the Campania Region, Southern Italy

“…They can lead to the control of lipid and glucose/insulin metabolism [ 48 ]; they also have positive effects on the eye [ 49 ], nervous system, [ 50 ], and heart [ 51 ], and can exert anti-inflammatory effects [ 52 ] too. The molecule may also exhibit antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity [ 53 , 54 ]. Epicatechin and its metabolites may boost the muscle performance, act on the symptoms of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and support human health, through actions of diabetes prevention and protection of the nervous system [ 55 ].…”

Biochemical Characterization of Traditional Varieties of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) of the Campania Region, Southern Italy

“…Nazzaro et al found a strict correlation between the presence of catechin in extra virgin olive oil (EVO) and antibacterial activity exhibited by the EVO extract against Staphylococcus aureus [ 41 ]. Recently, catechin extracted from green tea-based polyphenol was also associated to rare earth (RE) metal ions to prepare catechin–RE complexes that showed significant anti-biofilm properties against Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Staphylococcus sciuri and Aspergillus niger , acting through the damage of microbial cell membrane [ 42 ]. Epicatechin and its metabolites can enhance muscle performance, improve symptoms of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and support human health preventing diabetes and protecting the nervous system [ 43 ].…”

Immobilization of Ytterbium by Plant Polyphenols for Antibiofilm Materials with Highly Effective Activity and Long-Term Stability

“…The synergy between PPs and Yb 3+ would significantly improve the antibiofilm activity of the membranes. It is commonly suggested that Yb 3+ can enter the bacterial cell by calcium channels, and it is the key factor in inhibiting the bacterial growth by affecting the cell defense mechanism, cell motility, and amino acid transport of bacterial cells . At the same time, PPs can act as a gripper to hold Yb 3+ on the surface to prevent the potential adhesion of bacterial cells.…”

“…Silver nanoparticles can be coated on many kinds of matrixes and demonstrate favorable preventative activities against various bacteria. , Although silver can be used as an efficient and broad-spectrum antibacterial coating, the cumulative toxicity of silver may be harmful to human health, and probable drug resistance may reduce its long-term antibiofilm activity . Rare-earth ions (REIs) exhibit anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antibiofilm activities by replacing Ca 2+ in the binding sites of cell membranes. − The similar ionic radii of REI (0.068–0.1061 nm) and Ca 2+ (0.100 nm) allow REI to be transported into bacterial cells through calcium channels, thereby inhibiting cell proliferation . Nevertheless, the instability of rare-earth coatings on the surfaces of materials limits their long-term effectiveness.…”

“…In the present study, we facilely immobilize ytterbium ion (Yb 3+ ) onto the polyamide membrane via covalent bonding with PPs, including catechin (CAT), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and black wattle tannin (BWT). Ytterbium is a typical heavy rare-earth element, and previous studies suggested that the ionic radius of ytterbium ion is close to that of calcium ion, which can replace calcium ions from the binding site on the cell membrane, thereby inhibiting the microbial growth. , CAT is the representative of catechol, and EGCG contains a typical phenyltriphenol substructure, which has more phenolic hydroxyl groups than CAT. The amount of phenolic hydroxyl of PP may affect its combination with both the REI and matrix, thereby influencing the antibiofilm activity.…”