Synthesis of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from cotton using ultrasound-assisted acid hydrolysis

Pandi, Narsimha; Sonawane, Shirish H.; Kishore, K. Anand

doi:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105353

Cited by 140 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In the early development phase of CNCs research, several methods were explored to isolate CNCs from natural resources containing high cellulose content, such as acid hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis, oxidation, steam explosion, subcritical water, ionic liquids, and high-pressure homogenization methods [59][60][61][62][63]. Presently, the acid hydrolysis method is the most widely used method for isolating CNCs due to its simplicity, ease of doing, and desired product characteristics [56]. It needs a shorter processing time compared to the enzymatic hydrolysis method, a lower energy consumption compared to the steam explosion, subcritical water, and high-pressure homogenization methods, and a lower cost compared to the ionic liquid method.…”

Section: Cellulose Nanocrystals (Cncs) 41 Synthesis Methods and Charamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The acid hydrolysis method has several drawbacks that needed to be investigated in further research, such as the large amounts of acid solution waste and the residual acid on the CNCs [42,56]. The large amounts of acid solution waste are an environmental issue, especially due to its corrosivity and difficulties to be handled in wastewater treatment.…”

Section: Cellulose Nanocrystals (Cncs) 41 Synthesis Methods and Charamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent research, modified or assisted acid hydrolysis methods were developed to enhance the isolation process of CNCs. Pandi et al [56] investigated that high-frequency ultrasonication could be used to assist the acid hydrolysis method, where the ultrasound cavitation helped the breakings of amorphous cellulose. This suggested method produced nanosized CNCs with spherical morphology and high crystallinity index [56].…”

Section: Cellulose Nanocrystals (Cncs) 41 Synthesis Methods and Charamentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Lignocellulosic-Derived Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Applications: Lignin Nanoparticles, Xylan Nanoparticles, and Cellulose Nanocrystals

2021

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Due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxicity, lignocellulosic-derived nanoparticles are very potential materials for drug carriers in drug delivery applications. There are three main lignocellulosic-derived nanoparticles discussed in this review. First, lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) are an amphiphilic nanoparticle which has versatile interactions toward hydrophilic or hydrophobic drugs. The synthesis methods of LNPs play an important role in this amphiphilic characteristic. Second, xylan nanoparticles (XNPs) are a hemicellulose-derived nanoparticle, where additional pretreatment is needed to obtain a high purity xylan before the synthesis of XNPs. This process is quite long and challenging, but XNPs have a lot of potential as a drug carrier due to their stronger interactions with various drugs. Third, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are a widely exploited nanoparticle, especially in drug delivery applications. CNCs have low cytotoxicity, therefore they are suitable for use as a drug carrier. The research possibilities for these three nanoparticles are still wide and there is potential in drug delivery applications, especially for enhancing their characteristics with further surface modifications adjusted to the drugs.

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Section: Cellulose Nanocrystals (Cncs) 41 Synthesis Methods and Charamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cellulose Nanocrystals (Cncs) 41 Synthesis Methods and Charamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cellulose Nanocrystals (Cncs) 41 Synthesis Methods and Charamentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Lignocellulosic-Derived Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Applications: Lignin Nanoparticles, Xylan Nanoparticles, and Cellulose Nanocrystals

2021

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“…A few studies have combined the process of hydrolysis and sonication for cellulose extraction. Pandi, Sonawane [ 134 ] stated that cellulose extracted from cotton wastes had been used in various applications, such as packaging and reinforcement for biomedical applications. This includes the production of CNCs of high crystallinity and thermal stability.…”

Section: Extraction Of Cnc From Cotton Wastes and Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The findings revealed that cotton wastes provided a good source of cellulose and for the extraction of nanocellulose. Pandi, Sonawane [ 134 ] extracted CNC from cotton wastes by bleaching, hydrolysis, and sonication pretreatment methods. High stability and crystallinity of CNC were found higher than the raw material.…”

Section: Extraction Of Cnc From Cotton Wastes and Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cotton Wastes Functionalized Biomaterials from Micro to Nano: A Cleaner Approach for a Sustainable Environmental Application

et al. 2021

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The exponential increase in textile cotton wastes generation and the ineffective processing mechanism to mitigate its environmental impact by developing functional materials with unique properties for geotechnical applications, wastewater, packaging, and biomedical engineering have become emerging global concerns among researchers. A comprehensive study of a processed cotton fibres isolation technique and their applications are highlighted in this review. Surface modification of cotton wastes fibre increases the adsorption of dyes and heavy metals removal from wastewater. Cotton wastes fibres have demonstrated high adsorption capacity for the removal of recalcitrant pollutants in wastewater. Cotton wastes fibres have found remarkable application in slope amendments, reinforcement of expansive soils and building materials, and a proven source for isolation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Several research work on the use of cotton waste for functional application rather than disposal has been done. However, no review study has discussed the potentials of cotton wastes from source (Micro-Nano) to application. This review critically analyses novel isolation techniques of CNC from cotton wastes with an in-depth study of a parameter variation effect on their yield. Different pretreatment techniques and efficiency were discussed. From the analysis, chemical pretreatment is considered the most efficient extraction of CNCs from cotton wastes. The pretreatment strategies can suffer variation in process conditions, resulting in distortion in the extracted cellulose’s crystallinity. Acid hydrolysis using sulfuric acid is the most used extraction process for cotton wastes-based CNC. A combined pretreatment process, such as sonication and hydrolysis, increases the crystallinity of cotton-based CNCs. The improvement of the reinforced matrix interface of textile fibres is required for improved packaging and biomedical applications for the sustainability of cotton-based CNCs.

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Biodegradable Composite for Smart Packaging Applications

Bharadwaj

Dhand

Lakshmi

2022

Biodegradable Materials and Their Applications

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Synthesis of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from cotton using ultrasound-assisted acid hydrolysis

Cited by 140 publications

References 28 publications

A Review of Lignocellulosic-Derived Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Applications: Lignin Nanoparticles, Xylan Nanoparticles, and Cellulose Nanocrystals

A Review of Lignocellulosic-Derived Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Applications: Lignin Nanoparticles, Xylan Nanoparticles, and Cellulose Nanocrystals

Cotton Wastes Functionalized Biomaterials from Micro to Nano: A Cleaner Approach for a Sustainable Environmental Application

Biodegradable Composite for Smart Packaging Applications

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