Synthesis of crocin, picrocrocin and safranal by saffron stigma-like structures proliferated in vitro.

Himeno, Hyouta; Sano, Konosuke

doi:10.1271/bbb1961.51.2395

Cited by 93 publications

(80 citation statements)

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“…We showed that while 2,4-D was essential in early adventitious shoot induction, it can be excluded from the culture media to enable further shoot development, which is consistent with a previous study [8]. On the other hand, the requirement of BAP as cytokinin for direct organogenesis of saffron was still essential as it was suggested in the literature [19,20,22]. It is well known that saffron is a recalcitrant species towards adventitious roots induction under in vitro conditions.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…In vitro production of stigma-like structures of saffron for the purpose of obtaining crocin, picrocrocin, and safranal was investigated by using different parts of the saffron plant such as corms [18], half ovaries [19][20][21], stigmas [22,23], petals and styles [23], anthers [24], stamens [25] and calli [26,27]. It is clear that majority of the in vitro studies were focused on the production of secondary metabolites through direct and indirect organogenesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improved in vitro micropropagation method with adventitious corms and roots for endangered saffron

2011

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The objective of this study was to investigate development of an efficient in vitro tissue culture system for saffron (Crocus sativus L.) complete with roots and corms. In indirect organogenesis, Murashige and Skoog (MS) media with 3% (w/v) sucrose, 100 mg L−1 ascorbic acid, and the combination of 0.25 mg L−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 1 mg L−1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) were best for callus initiation and growth while 1.5 mg L−1 BAP was excellent for high rate of adventitious shoot formation. 1 mg L−1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was more preferable for adventitious corm and root initiation as well as growth. Overall, 64% rooting and 33% corm production rates were achieved in indirect organogenesis. In direct organogenesis, MS medium supplemented with 3 % sucrose, 100 mg L−1 ascorbic acid and 1 mg L−1 BAP was optimum for shoot growth. While 1 mg L−1 IBA was best for adventitious corm formation, 2 mg L−1 IBA promoted adventitious root initiation and growth. Overall, 36% and 57% of explants had corm and contractile root, respectively. The high rates suggest that efficient tissue culture system could be achieved for mass propagation and ex situ conservation of threatened saffron genetic resources.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved in vitro micropropagation method with adventitious corms and roots for endangered saffron

2011

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“…Eight stages of development have been defined for C. sativus stigmas based on the length of the tissue, pigmentation, and apocarotenoid content (Himeno and Sano, 1987). Stage II corresponds to a yellow undeveloped stigma and stage IV represents an orange undeveloped stigma.…”

Section: Identification Of Carotenoids In C Sativus Stigmasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of Carotenoid Biosynthetic Genes in Apocarotenoid Formation during the Stigma Development of Crocus sativus and Its Closer Relatives

2005

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Crocus sativus is a triploid sterile plant characterized by its long red stigmas, which produce and store significant quantities of the apocarotenoids crocetin and crocin, formed from the oxidative cleavage of zeaxanthin. Here, we investigate the accumulation and the molecular mechanisms that regulate the synthesis of these apocarotenoids during stigma development in C. sativus. We cloned the cDNAs for phytoene synthase, lycopene-b-cyclase, and b-ring hydroxylase from C. sativus. With the transition of yellow undeveloped to red fully developed stigmas, an accumulation of zeaxanthin was observed, accompanying the expression of CsPSY, phytoene desaturase, and CsLYCb, and the massive accumulation of CsBCH and CsZCD transcripts. We analyzed the expression of these two transcripts in relation to zeaxanthin and apocarotenoid accumulation in other Crocus species. We observed that only the relative levels of zeaxanthin in the stigma of each cultivar were correlated with the level of CsBCH transcripts. By contrast, the expression levels of CsZCD were not mirrored by changes in the apocarotenoid content, suggesting that the reaction catalyzed by the CsBCH enzyme could be the limiting step in the formation of saffron apocarotenoids in the stigma tissue. Phylogenetic analysis of the CsBCH intron sequences allowed us to determine the relationships among 19 Crocus species and to identify the closely related diploids of C. sativus. In addition, we examined the levels of the carotenoid and apocarotenoid biosynthetic genes in the triploid C. sativus and its closer relatives to determine whether the quantities of these specific mRNAs were additive or not in C. sativus. Transcript levels in saffron were clearly higher and nonadditive, suggesting that, in the triploid gene, regulatory interactions that produce novel effects on carotenoid biosynthesis genes are involved.Carotenoids are terpenoid compounds that are ubiquitous in nature. In all photosynthetic organisms, they carry out essential functions in light-harvesting systems and in photosynthetic reaction centers (Horton et al., 1996). In higher plants, carotenoids play additional roles in providing distinct yellow, orange, and red colors to certain organs, such as flowers and fruits, to attract animals for pollination and dispersal of seeds. In those tissues, unique carotenoids synthesized as secondary metabolites accumulate to high concentrations and are stored within the chromoplasts.All isoprenoids, including carotenoids, are derived from the ubiquitous C5 building blocks isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate. These precursors can be synthesized through two different routes: the classical mevalonate pathway in the cytoplasm or the alternative nonmevalonate pathway in plastids (Rohmer et al., 1993;Arigoni et al., 1997). Metabolic cross-talk between the pathways can be observed under certain conditions (Hemmerlin et al., 2003). The plastidial pathway, now known as the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway, has been fully elucidated by a combination of bi...

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“…Maximum number (120 indirectly and 20 directly) with 5.2 cm long of SLS were obtained in G-5 medium supplemented with 27μM NAA and 44.4μM BA (Table 3) followed by 100 indirectly and 20 directly with 4.5 cm long SLS on LS medium supplemented with 27μM NAA and 44.4μM BA ( Table 2). Development of stigma like structures from half ovaries on white medium supplemented with zeatin and NAA and half ovaries on different media using auxins has been reported (Fakhrai and Evans 1990;Himeno and Sano 1987). During this study the explants for the microcorm production and SLS have been standardized.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro development of microcorms and stigma like structures in saffron (Crocus sativus L.)

Mir

Ahmed

Wani

et al. 2010

Physiol Mol Biol Plants

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Saffron is an important spice derived from the stigmas of Crocus sativus, a species belonging to the family Iridaceae. Due to its triploid nature it is sterile and is not able to set seeds, so it is propagated only by corms. The natural propagation rate of most geophytes including saffron is relatively low. An in vitro multiplication technique like micropropagation has been used for the propagation of saffron. In the present study, various explants were cultured on different nutrient media supplemented with various concentrations of plant growth regulators to standardize the best media combination for obtaining optimum response with respect to corm production and development of Stigma Like Structures (SLS). Highest response (60%) was observed with half ovaries on G-5 media supplemented with 27μM NAA and 44.4μM BA followed by 55% on LS media with 27μM NAA and 44.4μM BA. Maximum size (1.3 g) of microcorms were obtained from apical buds on the LS media supplemented with 21.6μM NAA and 22.2μM. Stigma Like Structures were developed from half ovary explants both directly and indirectly. Maximum number (120 indirectly and 20 directly) and size (5.2 cm) of SLS were obtained in G-5 medium supplemented with 27μM NAA and 44.4μM BA followed by 100 indirectly and 20 directly and 4.5 cm long on LS medium supplemented with 27μM NAA and 44.4μM BA.

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Synthesis of crocin, picrocrocin and safranal by saffron stigma-like structures proliferated in vitro.

Cited by 93 publications

References 0 publications

Improved in vitro micropropagation method with adventitious corms and roots for endangered saffron

Improved in vitro micropropagation method with adventitious corms and roots for endangered saffron

Implications of Carotenoid Biosynthetic Genes in Apocarotenoid Formation during the Stigma Development of Crocus sativus and Its Closer Relatives

In vitro development of microcorms and stigma like structures in saffron (Crocus sativus L.)

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