Catalytic asymmetric reactions in
which water is a substrate are
rare. Enantioselective transition-metal-catalyzed insertion of carbenes
into the O–H bond of water can be used to incorporate water
into the stereogenic center, but the reported chiral catalysts give
good results only when α-aryl-α-diazoesters are used as
the carbene precursors. Herein we report the first highly enantioselective
O–H bond insertion reactions between water and α-alkyl-
and α-alkenyl-α-diazoesters as carbene precursors, with
catalysis by a combination of achiral dirhodium complexes and chiral
phosphoric acids or chiral phosphoramides. Participation of the phosphoric
acids or phosphoramides in the carbene transfer reaction markedly
suppressed competing side reactions, such as β-H migration,
carbene dimerization, and olefin isomerization, and thus ensured good
yields of the desired products. Fine-tuning of the ester moiety facilitated
enantiocontrol of the proton transfer reactions of the enol intermediates
and resulted in excellent enantioselectivity. This protocol represents
an efficient new method for preparation of multifunctionalized chiral
α-alkyl and α-alkenyl hydroxyl esters, which readily undergo
various transformations and can thus be used for the synthesis of
bioactive compounds. Mechanistic studies revealed that the phosphoric
acids and phosphoramides promoted highly enantioselective [1,2]- and
[1,3]-proton transfer reactions of the enol intermediates. Maximization
of molecular orbital overlap in the transition states of the proton
transfer reactions was the original driving force to involve the proton
shuttle catalysts in this process.