Synthesis of Functionalized Styrene Butadiene Rubber and Its Applications in SBR–Silica Composites for High Performance Tire Applications

Abstract

Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) is commonly synthesized from 1,3-butadiene and styrene monomers via two ubiquitous synthetic pathways, by emulsion (ESBR) and solution (SSBR) processes. Emulsion SBR accounts for 70% of the share of the world SBR market but is slowly being taken over by SSBR, as the latter is in high demand for high-performance tires, compatible with polar fillers such as silica for SBR–silica composites. High performance tires provide the benefits of increase in fuel efficiency, low carbon footprints, and high abrasion and better skid resistance properties. ESBR manufacturers are slowly converting their technology into SSBR due to the high demand of the SSBR product. On the other hand, unlike ESBR, functionalized emulsion based SBR (FESBR) can be comparable with SSBR for making high performance tires. FESBR can be synthesized from green eco-friendly emulsion based heterogeneous process similar to ESBR. Synthetic route utilizes various polar reagents such as acrylates, glycidyl methacrylates, acrylonitrile, vinyl carboxylic acid, vinyl sulfonates, vinylic pyridine, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, etc. as third comonomer along with styrene and 1,3-butadiene. FESBR grades are compatible with silica filler and bind via hydrogen and/or chemical bonding with polar filler surface functionality. Bonding between FESBR and silica allows the uniform distribution of silica in polymer matrix via reaction of silica surface hydroxyl groups with polymer functional groups. FESBR-silica composite would give better performance properties in terms of improved rolling resistance, better modulus, tensile strength, better abrasion resistance, and skid resistance similar to SSBR. In the present review, the general introduction of SBR, silica as filler in specialty tire applications, synthetic routes of FESBR, and FESBR–silica composites for high performance tire applications were discussed.

Recent Developments and Research Avenues for Polymers in Electric Vehicles

“…SSBR in components such as inner liner, cap ply, under tread, tread, sidewall, carcass ply, apex, etc. ensures good rolling resistance which promotes fuel consumption due to functionalization [108,109] . Rodríguez‐Guadarrama et al.…”

Hybrid reinforcement of styrene‐butadiene rubber nanocomposites with carbon black, silica, and graphene

“…Consequently, depending on the specifications, a modern tyre tread may contain 50-100 phr of silica and as little as 10 phr of carbon black in case minimal rolling resistance is required. [6][7][8][9][10] Tyre recycling is challenging because they are often made of various polymer blends, consist of up to 100 various additives, and have a cross-linked structure. Currently, only downcycling options are available for rubber waste management companies.…”

“…Meanwhile, silica can significantly decrease the rolling resistance and increase the tear strength and tensile strength of tyre rubber. Consequently, depending on the specifications, a modern tyre tread may contain 50–100 phr of silica and as little as 10 phr of carbon black in case minimal rolling resistance is required 6–10 …”

Effect of mica powder-filled styrene-butadiene rubber compounds on crosslink density and mechanical properties

“…The SBR has attracted a lot of attention in recent years because of its resistance to cracking, aging, weathering, and wear. It is expected that the global SBR capacity will reach 8 million metric tons by 2022 and the compound annual growth rate will be between 2.8% and 3% [2]. Despite rising demand for SBR-based compounds, SBR has a number of shortcomings in terms of thermal stability and mechanical properties that require improvement [3].…”