Synthesis of isoamyl laurate and isoamyl stearate in supercritical carbon dioxide

Abstract

The synthesis of isoamyl laurate and isoamyl stearate was studied in supercritical carbon dioxide with three lipases, Novozym 435, Lipolase 100T, and Candida rugosa. The maximum conversion of 37% and 53%, respectively for isoamyl laurate and isoamyl stearate was obtained when Novozym 435 was used. The effect of various parameters such as molar ratio of alcohol to acid, presence of water, time and temperature was investigated. An optimum temperature of 40-45 degrees C was observed for all reactions. The kinetics of reactions was fast and equilibrium was achieved in 2-3 h. Although the presence of excess alcohol did not reduce conversion, excess water reduced conversion significantly.

Solubilities of palmitic and stearic fatty acids in supercritical carbon dioxide

“…Carbon dioxide is commonly used due to properties such as near ambient critical temperature and a moderate critical pressure. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO 2 ) finds applications in several industries particularly in the extraction of heat sensitive chemicals from natural products [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. The potential application of supercritical fluid technology in the fats and oil industry has been extensively studied.…”

“…The determination of solubilities of fatty acids in SCCO 2 is important because these compounds are extensively used in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical and surfactant industries [3,10,11]. Hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid) and octadecanoic acid (stearic acid) are high molar mass naturally available saturated fatty acids that are found in many animal fats and vegetable oils.…”

Effect of Chain Length of Alcohol on the Lipase-Catalyzed Esterification of Propionic Acid in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

“…The optimum temperature was reported as 45°C for esterification of myristic acid with ethanol using crude hog pancreas lipase in ScCO 2 [14]. An optimum temperature of 40-45°C was reported for the synthesis of isoamyl laurate and isoamyl stearate by esterification in ScCO 2 [22]. An optimum temperature of around 50°C was also reported for the hydrolysis of pnitrophenyl esters in acetonitrile and ScCO 2 [31].…”

“…Thus, organic solvents [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][27][28][29] and supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO 2 ) [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] have been used as the reaction medium.…”

Activity of immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica (Lipozyme 435) and its performance on the esterification of oleic acid in supercritical carbon dioxide

“…In spite of the decreased residual activity of the immobilized lipase after the treatment with supercritical CO 2 , the enzyme can still catalyze reactions in supercritical media efficiently, as demonstrated by several studies [40,[51][52][53][54][55]. Therefore, the study of the esterification reaction of oleic acid ( Figure 4) using immobilized Lipozyme 435 as a catalyst was carried out in supercritical CO 2 .…”