Synthesis of KCC-1 Using Rice Husk Ash for Pb Removal from Aqueous Solution and Petrochemical Wastewater

Abstract

A silica-rich rice husk ash (RHA, 95.44% SiO2) was used as a silica precursor in the synthesis of KCC-1 for Pb(II) removal. The extraction of silica was carried out under several extraction methods (alkali fusion (AF), reflux (RF) and microwave heating (MW)) and extraction parameters (NaOH/RHA mass ratio, fusion temperature and H2O/NaOH-fused RHA mass ratio). The highest silica content was obtained using AF method at extraction conditions of NaOH/RHA mass ratio = 2, fusion temperature = 550 ºC, and H2O/NaOH-fused RHA mass ratio = 4, with silica concentration of 85,490 ppm. TEM, FTIR, and BET analyses revealed the synthesized KCC-1 has fibrous morphology with surface area of 220 m 2 /g. The synthesized KCC-1 showed good performance in removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solution (74%) and petrochemical wastewater (70%). The analyses of petrochemical wastewater revealed that the adsorption process using synthesized KCC-1 effectively decreased the concentration of COD (489 mg/L to 106 mg/L), BOD (56 mg/L to 34 mg/L) and Pb(II) (22.8 mg/L to 6.71 mg/L). This study affirmed that KCC-1 was successfully synthesized using RHA as silica precursor and applied as an efficient adsorbent for Pb(II) removal.

Synthesis and characterization of SO42-/KCC-1 catalyst as an alternative candidate for simultaneous esterification and transesterification reactions

“…The mixture then mixed with CTAB which functions as a template or as a guiding molecule, urea, and demineralized water (solution B). The use of CTAB as a framework is due to its less toxic nature when compared to other organic frameworks [12], [13].…”

“…After that, the mixture was centrifuged and rinsed with distilled water and dried in an oven at 100⁰C overnight, then calcined at 550⁰C for 5 hours. [12].…”

Biomedical applications of dendritic fibrous nanosilica (DFNS): recent progress and challenges

“…[40][41][42]47 In the coating process, it involves the hydrolysis and condensation of TEOS or inorganic salts such as sodium silicate (Na 2 SiO 3 ) in the presence of a mineral acid or base as the catalyst, or under alkaline conditions in ethanol solution. 43 Zhang et al illustrated the preparation DFNS by the sol-gel method. In the rst stage, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and cetyltrimethylammonium tosylate (CTA + ) were dissolved in water.…”

“…10 They can also interact with metal nanoparticles, bimetallic nanoparticles, as well as with single atoms of metals, quantum dots, metal oxides and hydroxides. These unique properties of DFNS allow them to be useful in a variety of applications such as catalysis, 38,39 biomedical elds, 40 analysis, 41 industrial elds 42 as adsorbents for water and air treatment, 43,44 energy storage, 10 etc. Therefore, in this review, we have probed the spherical shape of DFNS with tunable particle sizes ranging from 14 to 1100 nm, their brous structure, which provides better accessibility to the DFNS surface, and their open structure and accessibility, which also permit the high loading of active molecules that make them suitable for use in biomedical elds.…”

Petrochemical wastewater and produced water: Treatment technology and resource recovery

“…An adsorbent was prepared from a silica-rich rice husk ash and tested for Pb removal (Hasan, Chong, & Setiabudi, 2019). The adsorbent was effective in removing Pb, COD, and BOD from petrochemical wastewater.…”