Synthesis of Nanoparticles

Hybrid Tellurium–Lignin Nanoparticles with Enhanced Antibacterial Properties

“… 15 − 18 Moreover, toxic reducing agents used in the traditional physicochemical methods for the synthesis of tellurium NPs (TeNPs) are cytotoxic to human cells and environmentally harmful. 19 , 20 To overcome the main limitations of traditional synthesis, efforts have been made to develop nanobiotechnological approaches for the synthesis of TeNPs including tellurite-reducing microorganisms 21 − 23 and plant-derived reducing agents. 15 , 16 , 24 In these cases, the biomolecules involved in tellurium reduction can act as capping agents, providing enhanced stability of the synthesized TeNPs and increased biocompatibility, thus overcoming the major drawbacks of traditional synthesis methods.…”

“…Unlike antibiotics, these NPs target multiple bacterial components simultaneously due to their unspecific antimicrobial mode of action including oxidative damage, disruption of the bacterial lipidic membrane, and inhibition of metabolic enzymes, thereby hampering the evolution of resistance mechanisms. , Silver is by far the most explored element among the reported antimicrobial metal NPs, , while others such as Zn, Cu, and Ti have been less extensively studied. , However, findings on the bacterial resistance mechanism against AgNPs and other metals and metal oxides define the need to expand the metal NP toolbox against AMR. Despite the known toxicity of tellurite ions (TeO 3 2– ) against Gram-negative bacteria, , the development of Te-based antimicrobial nanomaterials displaying the advantages of metal NPs has only gained interest in recent years. − Moreover, toxic reducing agents used in the traditional physicochemical methods for the synthesis of tellurium NPs (TeNPs) are cytotoxic to human cells and environmentally harmful. , To overcome the main limitations of traditional synthesis, efforts have been made to develop nanobiotechnological approaches for the synthesis of TeNPs including tellurite-reducing microorganisms − and plant-derived reducing agents. ,, In these cases, the biomolecules involved in tellurium reduction can act as capping agents, providing enhanced stability of the synthesized TeNPs and increased biocompatibility, thus overcoming the major drawbacks of traditional synthesis methods. , …”

Nanoparticles for Stem Cell Therapy Bioengineering in Glioma

“…Nanoparticles can naturally occur in the environment mediated by biological or geological processes ( Sharma et al, 2015 ), or as incidental by-product of human activities such as smelting or other processes involving the generation of metal fumes ( Gonzalez-Pech et al, 2019 ). In addition, nanoparticles can be artificially synthetized and engineered ( Kus et al, 2018 ). Given the wide variety of existing NPs, classification criteria are also abundant.…”

“…Organic nanoparticles are based on natural compounds such as lipids, glycosides, peptides and others, as well as synthetic organic molecules ( Romero and Moya, 2012 ; Tzeng et al, 2016 ; Kus et al, 2018 ; Karlsson et al, 2019 ; Kozielski et al, 2019 ; Tian et al, 2020 ). These organic elements can arrange themselves in three-dimensional (3D) structures ( Euliss et al, 2006 ), which is one of the main characteristics that differentiate organic from inorganic nanoparticles, as inorganic NPs do not form these 3D structures in any case ( Romero and Moya, 2012 ).…”

Affinity-Based Detection of Biomolecules Using Photo-Electrochemical Readout

“…Unlike the ionic or covalent bond in inorganic semiconductors, organic semiconductors are made of molecular units held together by weak van der Waals interactions (Dyer-Smith and Nelson, 2012). As a consequence, the mobility of the charge carriers in organic materials is generally smaller with longer response times upon excitation as compared to their inorganic counterparts (Dyer-Smith and Nelson, 2012) leading to smaller conductivity (Kus et al, 2018). Consequently, more research is needed toward creating all organic photoelectrodes that can be used in biosensing.…”