“…They included homogeneous and heterogeneous systems and were catalyzed by acid, base, and metals (in solution or suspension), auto-catalyzed, uncatalyzed, and stirred at different rates. Transformations included esterification, ,, transesterification, amidation, imidation, etherification, cyclization, addition, hydrolysis of esters and amides, lactonization, ring cleavage, O-alkylation, acylation, hydrogenation, condensation, carbonylation, and acetalization.…”