Synthesis of SnO2 nanopowders by a sol-gel process using propanol-isopropanol mixture

Abstract

A simple sol-gel process is proposed for synthesizing SnO 2 nanopowders utilizing normal propanol and isopropanol mixture instead of just using normal alcohols such as ethanol, propanol or butanol for Sol preparation. No surfactant was used in this Sol preparation process. The structure of sol is studied by FT-IR-ATR technique. On altering propanol to isopropanol ratio, three different nanopowders were obtained. X-ray powder diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction pattern (SAED) and BET techniques were used to characterize prepared powders. Results show that smaller grain size was obtained via altering alcohols ratio. In addition, Merck commercial SnO 2 powder was also used as a reference material for comparing purposes; because it has nanometer scale (ca. 60 nm). HRTEM images show that obtained nanopowders were polycrystalline and their average diameters fall into the range of 6-80 nm. Finally, the effect of alkoxide ligand size through sol-gel synthesis on product particle size is discussed.© Versita Warsaw and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Structural properties and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study of SnO2 nanoparticles

“…SnO 2 nano-particles were synthesized by a simple sol-gel method (for details on the process see [11]). All reagents were of analytical grade without further purification.…”

Microstructural study of SnO2-based nanoparticles by X-ray diffractometry

“…Note that the most significant discrepancy appears for the B sample, because of its greater crystallite size. Hassanzadeh et al [14] analyzed also samples A and B by TEM, obtaining crystallite sizes of 10 and 80 nm, respectively. Whereas the crystallite size for sample A agrees with the mean value (9 nm) obtained from the log-normal distribution, a great discrepancy appears between the TEM result and oD 4 for the sample B.…”

“…Measurements were taken under beam-acceleration conditions of 40 kV/ 35 mA. The samples were scanned between 15.015°and 74.985°(2θ) with a step of 0.03°and a counting time of 68.955 s The above two samples described in the paper of [14] -hereafter, A, for Sn-1, and B, for Sn-2-, were selected in order to characterize them microstructurally. These samples have been also analyzed from the point of view of their electrical properties [15] and by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy [16], in this case using only the sample A.…”

“…SnO 2 nanoparticles were synthesized by a simple sol-gel method; the details of the procedure are described elsewhere [14]. Briefly, the synthesis of SnO 2 was performed from SnCl 4 Á 4H 2 O : n-propanol : i-propanol : H 2 O with different molar ratios, but using a ratio of n-propanol/i-propanol of 2/1.…”

Sol-Gel Synthesis and Sensing Study of Perovskite CaCu3Ti4O12 Nanopowders

“…Among them, sol-gel method is one of the most well-known soft solution processes, for a widely used method to synthesize powders of micrometer, sub-micrometer and nanometer sizes with high purity and homogeneity [17][18][19]. Conventionally, there are four steps in the sol-gel process: sol preparations dissolution, gel preparations hydrolyzing, gel drying, and gel calcining.…”