Synthesis of submicron BaTiO3 particles by modified solid-state reaction method

Tetragonality enhancement in BaTiO3 by mechanical activation of the starting BaCO3 and TiO2 powders: Characterization of the contribution of the mechanical activation and postmilling calcination phenomena

“…This strain energy induced by the impact energy during the mechanical activation distorts the crystal structure of the powder products facilitating the formation of the tetragonal crystal symmetry in contrast to the cubic one. In the high energy mechanical milling using high energy ball mills, the stored energy is more than the conventional mills; therefore, the tetragonality character is enhanced in this work in contrast to the literature . XRD results indicate a critical mechanical activation time and a critical calcination temperature are essential to certify the formation of tetragonal BTO.…”

“…Perovskite materials are the most widely used ferroelectric materials in the industry and have been the subject of the recent researches . Barium titanate (BaTiO 3 , BTO) is the most widely used and thus studied ferroelectric material because of its ferroelectric, dielectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric characteristics . BTO is used for manufacturing the thermistors, dielectric, multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) etc .…”

“…Mechanical milling using ball mills was reported as an efficient feasible approach for mass production of perovskite powders which is able to obtain the final powder product from cheap starting materials. Barium titanate powder products were obtained by thermal treatment of mixture of TiO 2 and barium carbonate (BaCO 3 ) starting materials at temperatures in the range of 1473‐1573 K (1200‐1300°C) . BTO powder products obtained through this approach normally have microscale crystallites, uneven morphologies and chemical heterogeneities which are not suitable for MLCCs .…”

“…Two major synthetic pathways are generally applied for obtainment of perovskite nanoparticles 17 ; conventional solid-state reactions using mechanical mills 4,7,18,21 and advanced wet chemical processing routes such as solgel, [22][23][24] hydrothermal 5 and sonochemical processing methods. [25][26][27][28] Mechanical milling using ball mills [29][30][31] was reported as an efficient feasible approach for mass production of perovskite powders which is able to obtain the final powder product from cheap starting materials.…”

“…Barium titanate powder products were obtained by thermal treatment of mixture of TiO 2 and barium carbonate (BaCO 3 ) starting materials at temperatures in the range of 1473-1573 K (1200-1300°C). 4,7,18,21 BTO powder products obtained through this approach normally have microscale crystallites, uneven morphologies and chemical heterogeneities which are not suitable for MLCCs. 22 As a challenge for the field of research, preparing the quality pure monosized BTO nanocrystallites with modified morphology using high energy mechanical milling while staying away from unwanted reactions and by-products is of significant importance.…”