Synthesis of Ti(SO 4 )O solid acid nano-catalyst and its application for biodiesel production from used cooking oil

Gardy, Jabbar; Hassanpour, Ali; Lai, Xiaojun; Ahmed, Mukhtar H.

doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2016.08.031

Cited by 151 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 85 publications

(96 reference statements)

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“…The overall of sulphur loading on the surface of TiO 2 -NPs was quantified using TEM-EDS analysis at different TEM spots. The crystallite size of the 100% relative intensities XRD main peaks for anatase and rutile phases in nano-catalysts were estimated using Debye-Scherrer's formula [4].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The surface chemistry of the TiO 2 and TiO 2 /PrSO 3 H nano-catalysts was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as shown in Figure 8 resolution XPS analysis demonstrated in our previous work [4].…”

Section: Catalyst Characterisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The acid values and percentage of FFA were measured according to the standard methods [4]. The cloud point of prepared biodiesel was the sample should it contain any wax materials.…”

Section: Biodiesel Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The final reaction mixture was transferred into a separating funnel and allowed to cool to room temperature. A few millilitres of aliquot was withdrawn from the upper layer, biodiesel phase, and separated from the remaining impurities using a centrifuge at 9000 RPM for 10 mins to quantify the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content of the samples by off-line gas chromatography (GC) [4].…”

Section: Synthesis Of Biodiesel Fuelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) are among the most widely studied for their use in photocatalysis, gas sensors, medicine, catalyst support, pigments, cosmetics and solar cells [1][2][3]. This is due mainly to their favourable properties, acidity, wide band gap, high surface area, low cost and highly availability, better redox selectivity, good mechanical and chemical stability, high reactivity, low toxicity, and high reusability [4][5][6]. TiO 2 -NPs naturally occur in three main crystallographic phases, these being anatase, rutile, and brookite [2], but the most commonly used, because of its highly photocatalytic activity properties, is a mixture of anatase and rutile phases of TiO 2 [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biodiesel production from used cooking oil using a novel surface functionalised TiO2 nano-catalyst

Gardy

Hassanpour

Lai

et al. 2017

Applied Catalysis B: Environmental

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Please cite this article as: J. Gardy, A. Hassanpour, X. Lai, M.H. Ahmed, M. Rehan, Biodiesel production from used cooking oil using a novel surface functionalised TiO 2 nano-catalyst, Applied Catalysis B, Environmental (2017), http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.01.080 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Highlights• A novel, efficient and recyclable mesoporous TiO 2 /PrSO 3 H solid acid nano-catalyst was synthesised.• We examined the catalytic activity, stability and reusability of synthesised mesoporous TiO 2 /PrSO 3 H.• The FAME yield from UCO was 98.3% under optimum process conditions.• Synthesised biodiesel from UCO satisfied ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. ABSTRACTA novel, efficient and recyclable mesoporous TiO 2 /PrSO 3 H solid acid nano-catalyst was synthesised by the post-synthetic grafting of propyl sulfonic acid groups onto a mixed phase of a TiO 2 support. The synthesised nano-catalyst was characterised using FTIR, SEM, TEM, XPS, N 2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, XRD, DSC, TGA, and CHNS analysis. The percentage of loading for propyl sulfonic acid on the TiO 2 support was calculated using CHNS analysis and TGA. The catalytic performance of TiO 2 /PrSO 3 H on the production of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) via simultaneous esterification and transesterification reactions from used cooking oil (UCO) has been studied. The effects of different process parameters showed that 98.3% of FAME can be obtained after 9 hrs of reaction time with 1:15 molar ratio of oil to methanol, 60°C reaction temperature and 4.5 wt% catalyst loading. It was also found that the one-pot post-surface functionalisation strategy with hydrophilic functional groups (-SO 3 H) enhanced the acid strengths of the nano-catalyst providing more acid sites for the reactants, and improving the accessibility of methanol to the

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Catalyst Characterisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The acid values and percentage of FFA were measured according to the standard methods [4]. The cloud point of prepared biodiesel was the sample should it contain any wax materials.…”

Section: Biodiesel Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Synthesis Of Biodiesel Fuelmentioning

confidence: 99%