Synthesis of UO2 and ThO2 doped with Gd2O3

Baena, A. R. C.; Cardinaels, Thomas; Vos, B; Binnemans, Koen; Verwerft, Marc

doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.03.028

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Gadolinium is used in MRI contrast agents [91] and as a neutron absorber in nuclear reactors [92,93]. The metal is also used as an additive in some Nd-Fe-B magnets.…”

Section: Gadoliniummentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare Earths and the Balance Problem: How to Deal with Changing Markets?

Binnemans

Jones

Müller

et al. 2018

J. Sustain. Metall.

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241

136

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The balance between the market demand and the natural abundance of the rare-earth elements (REEs) in ores, often referred to as the Balance Problem (or the Balancing Problem), is a major issue for REE suppliers. The ideal situation is a perfect match between the market demand for and the production of REEs, so that there are no surpluses of any of the REEs. This means that the rare-earth industry must find new uses for REEs that are available in excess and search for substitutes for REEs that have either limited availability or are high in demand. We present an overview of the trends in the applications for the different REEs and show that the demand for REEs for use in magnets, catalysts, and alloys is still increasing, while the application of REEs in polishing agents, glass, and ceramics are stable. On the other hand, the use of REEs in nickel-metal-hydride (NiMH) batteries and lamp phosphors is decreasing. These changes in the REE market have an influence on the Balance Problem, because the REEs that can be recycled from fluorescent lamps, cathode-ray tubes (CRTs), and NiMH batteries have to be at least partly reused in other applications. Magnesium and aluminum alloys offer an opportunity to mitigate the Balance Problem caused by these changes in the REE market. This is illustrated for REEs that can be recycled from fluorescent-lamp phosphor waste, CRT phosphors, and NiMH batteries. At present, five REEs (Nd, Eu, Tb, Dy, and Y) are being considered as very critical by Europe, the United States, and Japan, but we forecast that in the medium term, only neodymium will remain a critical REE. This paper discusses the relationship between criticality and the Balance Problem and shows how this relationship influences the market for specific REEs.

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“…Gadolinium is used in MRI contrast agents [91] and as a neutron absorber in nuclear reactors [92,93]. The metal is also used as an additive in some Nd-Fe-B magnets.…”

Section: Gadoliniummentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare Earths and the Balance Problem: How to Deal with Changing Markets?

Binnemans

Jones

Müller

et al. 2018

J. Sustain. Metall.

Self Cite

241

136

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The sintering was done in a Linn HT 1800 Moly high temperature furnace with an alumina matrix and molybdenum heating elements. The pellets were placed in a ceramic alumina crucible with a molybdenum cover to avoid interactions between the pellets and the crucible [8]. All produced specimens of UO 2 eGd 2 O 3 system had good physical stability and achieved a density above 95% of the theoretical density (T.D.)…”

Section: Sample Synthesis and Oxygen Equilibrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Special attention was paid to the precise determination of the Gd content in solid solution and the avoidance of stoichiometry deviations. Samples were prepared via a dry synthesis route which was optimized towards sample homogeneity [8]. The lattice contraction of stoichiometric (U 1Àx Gd x )O 2.00 was investigated in the range 0…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lattice contraction and lattice deformation of UO 2 and ThO 2 doped with Gd 2 O 3

Baena

Cardinaels

Govers

et al. 2015

Journal of Nuclear Materials

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“…Burnable poisons are used in nuclear fuels as neutron absorbers to produce a more level distribution of power, geometrically and temporally in the reactor core, reducing the necessity for a large control system. The gadolinium isotopes Gd 155 and Gd 157 are commonly chosen as dopants due to their large neutron cross sections and because they are soluble on an atomic scale in the ceramic fuel pellets (forming a solid solution) [23][24][25][26][27][28]. The amount of Gd 2 O 3 added as a burnable absorber varies, from 1-1.5 wt% in boiling water reactor fuel to 6-10 wt% Gd 2 O 3 in pressurised water reactor fuel [29,30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxygen diffusion in Gd-doped mixed oxides

Galvin

Cooper

Rushton

et al. 2018

Journal of Nuclear Materials

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Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to investigate oxygen transport in (U x Pu x−1) 0.95 Gd 0.05 O 1.975 , (U x Th x−1) 0.95 Gd 0.05 O 1.975 and (Pu x Th x−1) 0.95 Gd 0.05 O 1.975 between 1000-3200 K. Oxygen diffusivity and corresponding activation energies are examined and compared to values for the undoped (U x Pu x−1)O 2 , (U x Th x−1)O 2 and (Pu x Th x−1)O 2 systems where compositions between end members display enhanced diffusivity. Below the superionic transition oxygen diffusivity for the Gd doped systems is orders of magnitude greater compared to their undoped counterparts. However, enhanced diffusivity for doped mixed actinide cation compositions is not observed compared to doped end members. Changes in activation energy suggest changes in diffusion regime, which correspond to the creation of thermally activated oxygen defects.

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Synthesis of UO2 and ThO2 doped with Gd2O3

Cited by 17 publications

References 42 publications

Rare Earths and the Balance Problem: How to Deal with Changing Markets?

Rare Earths and the Balance Problem: How to Deal with Changing Markets?

Lattice contraction and lattice deformation of UO 2 and ThO 2 doped with Gd 2 O 3

Oxygen diffusion in Gd-doped mixed oxides

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