Synthetic analogs of phytoalexins. Synthesis and antifungal activity of potential free-radical scavengers

Arnoldi, Anna; Carughi, Marica; Farina, G.; Merlini, L.; Parrino, Maria Grazia

doi:10.1021/jf00086a052

Cited by 21 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Recent studies have shown some rather remarkable medicinal properties of flavonoid compounds. For example, some have been shown to have anticancer properties, [66] antiviral and antibacterial activity, [67,68] and immune stimulating qualities, [69] as well as, offering protection against strokes and heart attacks. [70,71] In this article, we will explore a new property of the flavonoids: Protection of the nervous system from neurodegeneration.…”

Section: Herbal Medicine Against Cns Disorders: As Neuroprotective Agmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microglia and regulation of inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration: Prevention and treatment by phytochemicals and metabolic nutrients

Sundaram¹,

Gowtham²

2012

Int J Green Pharm

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Inflammation, a common denominator among the diverse list of neurodegenerative diseases, has recently been implicated as a critical mechanism responsible for the progressive nature of neurodegeneration. Microglias are the resident innate immune cells in the central nervous system and produce a barrage of factors (ILs, TNF α, NO, PGs, SOD) that are toxic to neurons. Evidence supports that the unregulated activation of microglia, in response to environmental toxins, endogenous proteins and neuronal death, results in the production of toxic factors that propagate neuronal injury. Herbal medicine has long been used to treat neural symptoms. Although the precise mechanisms of action of herbal drugs have yet to be determined, some of them have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and / or antioxidant effects in a variety of peripheral systems. Now, as increasing evidence indicates that neuroglia-derived chronic inflammatory responses play a pathological role in the central nervous system, anti-inflammatory herbal medicine and its constituents are being proved to be potent neuroprotectors against various brain pathologies. Structural diversity of medicinal herbs makes them a valuable source of novel lead compounds against therapeutic targets that are newly discovered by genomics, proteomics and high-throughput screening. In the following review, we discuss the common thread of microglial activation across numerous neurodegenerative diseases, define current perceptions of how microglia are damaging neurons and explain how the microglial response to neuronal damage results in a self-propelling cycle of neuron death. This article synthesizes what we know about these destructive processes, while offering an insight into a new avenue of treatment involving phytochemicals and other nutrients.

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Section: Herbal Medicine Against Cns Disorders: As Neuroprotective Agmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microglia and regulation of inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration: Prevention and treatment by phytochemicals and metabolic nutrients

Sundaram¹,

Gowtham²

2012

Int J Green Pharm

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“…Antioxidants have been used to control a number of pathogens, including Phytophthora infestans on potato (Arnoldi et al, 1989), Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on avocado (Prusky, 1988) and Rhizopus stolonifer on grape berries, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on lettuce and Botrytis cinerea on tomato and pepper (Elad, 1992). Galal and Abdou (1996) evaluated sixteen antioxidants in vitro against three Fusarium species: F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum and F. solani.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydroquinone, A Promising Antioxidant for Managing Seed-borne Pathogenic Fungi of Peanut

Elwakil¹,

A.²

2000

Pakistan J. of Biological Sciences

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Six antioxidants were tested in vitro and in vivo against seed-borne fungi of peanut. Hydroquinone showed a highly significant effect on the growth of the following fungi: Cephalosporium sp., Fusarium moniliforme, F. oxysporum, F. solani, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium bataticola and Verticillium sp. Soaking peanut seeds in a 20 mM water solution of hydroquinone for 12 hours before planting significantly decreased pre-and postemergence damping off incited by all tested fungi. Seedling survival and plant vigor in all treatments, including the check, was increased.

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“…Several natural and synthetic chemicals have been reported to control a broad range of fungal, bacterial and viral diseases in various plant species by inducing local and systemic resistance through diverse mechanisms Kessmann et al, 1994;Cohen, 1996;Görlach et al, 1996;Kalix et al, 1996). In addition, several antioxidant compounds are reported to control both necrotrophic and biotrophic fungal pathogens in several crops, chiefly by negating the effects of free radicals produced during pathogenesis (Prusky, 1988;Arnoldi et al, 1989;Edlich et al, 1989;Elad, 1992;Weigend & Lyr, 1996). These investigations have focused mostly on foliage pathogens, and relatively few attempts have been made to investigate induced resistance against root infecting fungal pathogens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of resistance inducers, free‐radical scavengers and an antagonistic strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens for control of Rhizoctonia solani AG‐4 in bean and cucumber

1997

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Sixteen chemicals from different groups of known resistance inducers were tested as a soil drench in a humosoil : sand mix infested with an isolate of Rhizoctonia solani AG‐4. Among these, 5‐nitrosalicylic acid (2 mM aqueous solution), o‐acetylsalicylic acid (2 mM), 2,6‐dichloroisonicotinic acid (0.25 mM), 2‐aminoisobutyric acid (2 mM) and lichenin (2 mM) controlled pre‐emergence damping‐off and post‐emergence seedling mortality of bean cv. Dufrix, but gave little or weak and variable disease control in cucumber cv. Delikatess. Two‐component mixtures of these five chemicals controlled the disease effectively in bean, mixtures containing 2‐aminoisobutyric acid being the most effective, with seedling stands of up to 94% in infested soil. As none of these five chemicals (≤ 2 mM) reduced mycelial growth of R. solani on PDA plates, induced resistance in seedling tissues is implied in their disease control. Control was augmented in both hosts when any one of the five inducers was applied in a mixture with a cell suspension (1 × 109 cells mL−1) of an antagonistic fluorescent strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens; these mixtures showed additive effects and provided much better disease control in bean than in cucumber. The free‐radical scavengers (antioxidants) ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, gluconic acid lactone and thiourea inhibited R. solani growth in vitro and efficiently controlled both pre‐emergence damping‐off and post‐emergence seedling mortality of bean; ascorbic acid and benzoic acid also offered significant protection in cucumber. However, disease control values were reduced substantially when inducers were applied with antioxidants, because of strong antagonistic interactions in most of these mixtures. Probable mechanisms of disease control by 5‐nitrosalicylic acid, o‐acetylsalicylic acid, 2,6‐dichloroisonicotinic acid, 2‐aminoisobutyric acid and lichenin and their interactions with P. fluorescens and antioxidants are discussed.

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Synthetic analogs of phytoalexins. Synthesis and antifungal activity of potential free-radical scavengers

Cited by 21 publications

References 16 publications

Microglia and regulation of inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration: Prevention and treatment by phytochemicals and metabolic nutrients

Microglia and regulation of inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration: Prevention and treatment by phytochemicals and metabolic nutrients

Hydroquinone, A Promising Antioxidant for Managing Seed-borne Pathogenic Fungi of Peanut

Efficacy of resistance inducers, free‐radical scavengers and an antagonistic strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens for control of Rhizoctonia solani AG‐4 in bean and cucumber

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