Synthetic inertial control of wind farm with BESS based on model predictive control

Abstract

Wind farms (WFs) can provide controlled inertia through synthetic inertial control (SIC) to support system frequency recovery after disturbances. This paper proposes a model predictive control (MPC) based SIC for a WF consisting of wind turbines (WTs) and a battery storage energy system (BESS). In the proposed MPC-SIC, the active power output of the WTs and BESS during the SIC are optimally coordinated in order to avoid over-deceleration of the WTs' rotor, and minimize the loss of extracted wind energy during the SIC and degradation cost of the BESS. The IEEE 39 bus system with a WF consisting of 100 WTs and a BESS is used to validate the performance of the proposed MPC-SIC. Case studies show that, compared with the conventional SIC, the minimum rotor speed among all WTs with MPC-SIC can be improved by 0.08-0.11 p.u., the loss of captured wind energy of WF with MPC-SIC can be reduced by 12%-64% and the degradation cost of the BESS with MPC-SIC can be reduced by 72%-83%. The results proves that with the proposed MPC-SIC, the wind farm can avoid the over-deceleration of the WTs' rotor and reduce the operation cost of the WF by improving the efficiency of wind energy usage and lifetime of the BESS.

Inertia Response Coordination Strategy of Wind Generators and Hybrid Energy Storage and Operation Cost-Based Multi-Objective Optimizing of Frequency Control Parameters

“…Integration of energy storages with renewable sources [37][38][39][40][41] Integration of wind generator with ultra-capacitor [37,39].…”

“…These papers do not give any solution to charge the ultra-capacitor to be ready to participate in case of successive frequency drop perturbations Coordination among the battery unit and multiple wind turbines to achieve [38] The dynamic characteristics of the power sources must be known in this method. Also, the power and the rotor speed limitations of the wind turbines and the maximum allowable rate of the exchangeable power of the battery with the grid are not considered.…”

“…To use saved kinetic energy of wind turbines with less challenges, coordination operation of the wind turbines and energy storages is utilized in the literature [37][38][39][40][41], which suffer some disadvantages. But Refs [37,39] do not give any solution to charge the ultra-capacitor to be ready to participate in case of successive frequency drop perturbations.…”

Primary Frequency Response of Microgrid Using Doubly Fed Induction Generator With Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control Plus Droop Control and Storage System

“…It is increasingly common to find this digital control in wind energy conversion systems equipped with DFIG for ancillary service applications [60]. Due to the good perfor-This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.…”

Stability properties of non‐linear model predictive control of variable speed hydropower

“…VI from different sources are investigated in literature; batteries [35], capacitors [36], HVDC [37], and wind power [31, 38–41]. An MPC‐based VI control system for a wind farm (WF) with a battery energy storage system (BESS) is proposed in [42]. The control system is able to increase the efficiency of the WF, increasing the lifetime of the BESS and increasing the minimum speed of the wind turbine rotors.…”