“…These ligands serve as Al "chelators", likely facilitating transport, uptake and ultimately biological activity [3]. In fact, Al does readily form complexes with numerous biomolecules, limiting the free ion concentration in solution due to interactions with O-, (O,N), and (O, N,P)-containing molecular substrates, including citrate, quinate and phosphonate [25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. Hence, ligand features contribute to Al binding, complex formation, solubilization in aqueous media and species differentiation with respect to size, charge, hydrophilicity and chemical reactivity.…”