Synthetic Tracking Using ZTF Deep Drilling Data Sets

Zhai, Chengxing; Ye, Quanzhi; Shao, Michael; Trahan, Russell; Saini, Navtej; Shen, Janice T.; Prince, Thomas A.; Bellm, Eric C.; Graham, M. J.; Hélou, G.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Kupfer, Thomas; Laher, Russ R.; Mahabal, A.; Masci, Frank J.; Rusholme, B.; Rosnet, P.; Shupe, D. L.

doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ab828b

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…1 This technique is similar to the synthetic tracking technique used to detect and track fast-moving near-Earth asteroids and space debris at optical wavelengths (e.g. Tyson et al 1992;Yanagisawa et al 2005;Shao et al 2014;Zhai et al 2014Zhai et al , 2020, although we implemented our technique in the visibility domain instead of in the image domain.…”

Section: Dynamic Phase Centre Trackingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The varying kinematics of multiple ejecta from the black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1820 + 070

Wood

Miller-Jones

Homan

et al. 2021

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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During a 2018 outburst, the black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1820+070 was comprehensively monitored at multiple wavelengths as it underwent a hard to soft state transition. During this transition a rapid evolution in X-ray timing properties and a short-lived radio flare were observed, both of which were linked to the launching of bi-polar, long-lived relativistic ejecta. We provide detailed analysis of two Very Long Baseline Array observations, using both time binning and a new dynamic phase centre tracking technique to mitigate the effects of smearing when observing fast-moving ejecta at high angular resolution. We identify a second, earlier ejection, with a lower proper motion of 18.0 ± 1.1 mas day−1. This new jet knot was ejected 4 ± 1 hours before the beginning of the rise of the radio flare, and 2 ± 1 hours before a switch from type-C to type-B X-ray quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs). We show that this jet was ejected over a period of ∼6 hours and thus its ejection was contemporaneous with the QPO transition. Our new technique locates the original, faster ejection in an observation in which it was previously undetected. With this detection we revised the fits to the proper motions of the ejecta and calculated a jet inclination angle of (64 ± 5)○, and jet velocities of $0.97_{-0.09}^{+0.03}c$ for the fast-moving ejecta (Γ > 2.1) and (0.30 ± 0.05)c for the newly-identified slow-moving ejection (Γ = 1.05 ± 0.02). We show that the approaching slow-moving component is predominantly responsible for the radio flare, and is likely linked to the switch from type-C to type-B QPOs, while no definitive signature of ejection was identified for the fast-moving ejecta.

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Section: Dynamic Phase Centre Trackingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The varying kinematics of multiple ejecta from the black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1820 + 070

Wood

Miller-Jones

Homan

et al. 2021

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This technique is similar to the synthetic tracking technique used to detect and track fast moving near-Earth asteroids and space debris at optical wavelengths (e.g. Tyson et al 1992;Yanagisawa et al 2005;Shao et al 2014;Zhai et al 2014Zhai et al , 2020, although we implemented our technique in the visibility domain instead of in the image domain.…”

Section: Dynamic Phase Centre Trackingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Varying Kinematics of Multiple Ejecta from the Black Hole X-ray Binary MAXI J1820+070

Wood,

Miller-Jones,

Homan

et al. 2021

Preprint

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During a 2018 outburst, the black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1820+070 was comprehensively monitored at multiple wavelengths as it underwent a hard to soft state transition. During this transition a rapid evolution in X-ray timing properties and a short-lived radio flare were observed, both of which were linked to the launching of bi-polar, long-lived relativistic ejecta. We provide detailed analysis of two Very Long Baseline Array observations, using both time binning and a new dynamic phase centre tracking technique to mitigate the effects of smearing when observing fast-moving ejecta at high angular resolution. We identify a second, earlier ejection, with a lower proper motion of 18.0 ± 1.1 mas day −1 . This new jet knot was ejected 4 ± 1 hours before the beginning of the rise of the radio flare, and 2 ± 1 hours before a switch from type-C to type-B X-ray quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs). We show that this jet was ejected over a period of ∼ 6 hours and thus its ejection was contemporaneous with the QPO transition. Our new technique locates the original, faster ejection in an observation in which it was previously undetected. With this detection we revised the fits to the proper motions of the ejecta and calculated a jet inclination angle of (64 ± 5)°, and jet velocities of 0.97 +0.03 −0.09 𝑐 for the fast-moving ejecta (Γ > 2.1) and (0.30 ± 0.05)𝑐 for the newly-identified slow-moving ejection (Γ = 1.05 ± 0.02). We show that the approaching slow-moving component is predominantly responsible for the radio flare, and is likely linked to the switch from type-C to type-B QPOs, while no definitive signature of ejection was identified for the fast-moving ejecta.

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“…In addition, 2020 CD 3 was moving nearly ∼40″ minute −1 , resulting in significant trailing losses (Shao et al 2014) and making its already difficult brightness of V ∼ 19.5 impossible to detect. A possible method of detection for 2020 CD 3 is to use where its orbital trajectory overlaps with higher-cadence fields while it is moving with a slower rate of motion and synthetic tracking to shift and stack along its possible trajectories, increasing its detection's S/N to a detectable threshold, as has been demonstrated for ZTF data of the Main Belt and NEOs (Zhai et al 2020); however, a full demonstration of synthetic tracking to locate 2020 CD 3 in ZTF data is beyond the scope of this work.…”

Section: Astrometry Orbit Determination and Archival Data Searchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Temporarily Captured Minimoon 2020 CD₃ by Keck Time-resolved Spectrophotometry

Bolin

Fremling

Holt

et al. 2020

ApJL

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We present time-resolved visible spectrophotometry of 2020 CD 3 , the second known minimoon. The spectrophotometry was taken with the Keck I/Low Resolution Imaging Spectrometer between wavelengths 434 and 912 nm in the B, g, V, R, I, and RG850 filters as it was leaving the Earth-Moon system on 2020 March 23 UTC. The spectrum of 2020 CD 3 resembles V-type asteroids and some lunar rock samples with a 434-761 nm reddish slope of ∼18%/100 nm (g-r=0.62±0.08 and r-i=0.21±0.06) with an absorption band at ∼900 nm corresponding to i-z=−0.54±0.10. Combining our measured H of 31.9±0.1 with an albedo of 0.35 typical for V-type asteroids, we determine 2020 CD 3 ʼs diameter to be ∼0.9±0.1 m, making it the first minimoon and one of the smallest asteroids to be spectrally studied. We use our time-series photometry to detect significant periodic light-curve variations with a period of ∼573 s and amplitude of ∼1. In addition, we extend the observational arc of 2020 CD 3 to 37 days, to 2020 March 23 UTC. From the improved orbital solution for 2020 CD 3 , we estimate the likely duration of its capture to be ∼2 yr and the nongravitational perturbation on its orbit due to radiation pressure with an area-to-mass ratio of (6.9±2.4)×10 −4 m 2 kg −1 implying a density of 2.3±0.8 g cm −3 , broadly compatible with other meter-scale asteroids and lunar rock. We searched for prediscovery detections of 2020 CD 3 in the Zwicky Transient Facility archive as far back as 2018 October but were unable to locate any positive detections.

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Synthetic Tracking Using ZTF Deep Drilling Data Sets

Cited by 8 publications

References 13 publications

The varying kinematics of multiple ejecta from the black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1820 + 070

The varying kinematics of multiple ejecta from the black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1820 + 070

The Varying Kinematics of Multiple Ejecta from the Black Hole X-ray Binary MAXI J1820+070

Characterization of Temporarily Captured Minimoon 2020 CD₃ by Keck Time-resolved Spectrophotometry

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Synthetic Tracking Using ZTF Deep Drilling Data Sets

Cited by 8 publications

References 13 publications

The varying kinematics of multiple ejecta from the black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1820 + 070

The varying kinematics of multiple ejecta from the black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1820 + 070

The Varying Kinematics of Multiple Ejecta from the Black Hole X-ray Binary MAXI J1820+070

Characterization of Temporarily Captured Minimoon 2020 CD3 by Keck Time-resolved Spectrophotometry

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Characterization of Temporarily Captured Minimoon 2020 CD₃ by Keck Time-resolved Spectrophotometry