Synthetic vaccine nanoparticles target to lymph node triggering enhanced innate and adaptive antitumor immunity

Advancements in prophylactic and therapeutic nanovaccines

“…Poly ( γ -glutamic acid) based synthetic vaccine nanoparticles (SVNPs) loaded with ovalbumin and toll-like receptor 3 agonist (poly (I:C)) were synthesized by Kim et al, both of them enhanced the uptake of antigens by APCs and enhanced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) and type I interferon (IFN-α, IFN-β). Simultaneous injection of both SVNP-OVA and SVNP-IC conferred both the protective as well as therapeutic immunities by inhibiting tumor growth in EG7-OVA tumor-bearing mice [126] . It is clear from the above-mentioned examples that nanovaccines modulate the immune system either for providing prophylaxis or therapeutic responses against pathological conditions.…”

Modulating the immune system through nanotechnology

“…For example, Zeng et al showed that 30 nm cationic micelles were able to self-drain to the closest lymph nodes [54]. Similarly, Kim et al have reported that both small cationic and anionic poly(γ-glutamic acid)-based nanosystems (30–60 nm) were able to self-drain to the closest lymph node [55]. Finally, the presence of PEG on the surface of the nanocarriers, that usually renders their surface charge close to neutrality, has a positive effect in the drainage to the LN [56–59].…”

Enhancing cancer immunotherapy through nanotechnology-mediated tumor infiltration and activation of immune cells

“…[34, 35] Thus, a recent strategy to develop lymph-node targeted NP-based vaccines, included not only size-tuning and covalent and non-covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol (i.e., PEGylation) to reduce NP-mediated immunogenicity, but also the hitch-hiking of NPs, specifically liposomes, onto albumin proteins, which migrate to lymph nodes. [36, 37] Therefore, the ability to directly transport NPs and microparticles to the tumor will ultimately produce a more potent vaccine.…”