System for Rearing Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) on a Noncruciferous Artificial Diet Developed for Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

Troetschler, Ruth G.; Malone, Catherine M.; Bucago, Elizabeth R.; Johnston, Michael

doi:10.1093/jee/78.6.1521

Cited by 29 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…). An important difference between the previous and current studies is the nutritional content of the artificial diets: our recent experiments used a diet with more lipids (37% more cholesterol and 67% more linseed oil) than the diet used in previous experiments (following Snell‐Rood & Papaj, ; Troetschler et al ., ). Mean growth rates (pupal mass/pupal development time) for both populations were greater in the 2011 than in the 2003 study, especially at the higher rearing temperature, suggesting that higher lipid content increased growth rate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Environmental determinants of population divergence in life‐history traits for an invasive species: climate, seasonality and natural enemies

Seiter

Kingsolver

2013

J of Evolutionary Biology

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Invasive species cope with novel environments through both phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary change. However, the environmental factors that cause evolutionary divergence in invasive species are poorly understood. We developed predictions for how different life-history traits, and plasticity in those traits, may respond to environmental gradients in seasonal temperatures, season length and natural enemies. We then tested these predictions in four geographic populations of the invasive cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae) from North America. We examined the influence of two rearing temperatures (20 and 26.7°C) on pupal mass, pupal development time, immune function and fecundity. As predicted, development time was shorter and immune function was greater in populations adapted to longer season length. Also, phenotypic plasticity in development time was greater in regions with shorter growing seasons. Populations differed significantly in mean and plasticity of body mass and fecundity, but these differences were not associated with seasonal temperatures or season length. Our study shows that some life-history traits, such as development time and immune function, can evolve rapidly in response to latitudinal variation in season length and natural enemies, whereas others traits did not. Our results also indicate that phenotypic plasticity in development time can also diverge rapidly in response to environmental conditions for some traits.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Environmental determinants of population divergence in life‐history traits for an invasive species: climate, seasonality and natural enemies

Seiter

Kingsolver

2013

J of Evolutionary Biology

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“…We used an artificial diet to vary the concentration of dietary sodium while holding other nutrients constant. We focused on cabbage white butterflies (Pieridae: Pieris rapae), because this species is easy to rear in large numbers on an artificial diet (82,83). We used Effects of sodium manipulation on brain size and thoracic protein in cabbage whites.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthropogenic changes in sodium affect neural and muscle development in butterflies

Snell‐Rood

Espeset

Boser

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

102

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The development of organisms is changing drastically because of anthropogenic changes in once-limited nutrients. Although the importance of changing macronutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, is well-established, it is less clear how anthropogenic changes in micronutrients will affect organismal development, potentially changing dynamics of selection. We use butterflies as a study system to test whether changes in sodium availability due to road salt runoff have significant effects on the development of sodium-limited traits, such as neural and muscle tissue. We first document how road salt runoff can elevate sodium concentrations in the tissue of some plant groups by 1.5-30 times. Using monarch butterflies reared on roadside-and prairie-collected milkweed, we then show that road salt runoff can result in increased muscle mass (in males) and neural investment (in females). Finally, we use an artificial diet manipulation in cabbage white butterflies to show that variation in sodium chloride per se positively affects male flight muscle and female brain size. Variation in sodium not only has different effects depending on sex, but also can have opposing effects on the same tissue: across both species, males increase investment in flight muscle with increasing sodium, whereas females show the opposite pattern. Taken together, our results show that anthropogenic changes in sodium availability can affect the development of traits in roadside-feeding herbivores. This research suggests that changing micronutrient availability could alter selection on foraging behavior for some roadside-developing invertebrates.nutritional ecology | Danaus plexippus | Pieris rapae | ecological stoichiometry

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“…Offspring were collected and reared on an artificial diet under controlled conditions using established methods [Troetschler et al, 1985;Webb and Shelton, 1988;Snell-Rood and Papaj, in press]. In our first experiment, siblings were allocated upon emergence to independent treatment groups.…”

Section: Overview Of Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain Size: A Global or Induced Cost of Learning?

Snell‐Rood¹,

Papaj²,

Gronenberg

2009

Brain Behav Evol

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The role of brain size as a cost of learning remains enigmatic; the nature and timing of such costs is particularly uncertain. On one hand, comparative studies suggest that congenitally large brains promote better learning and memory. In that case, brain size exacts a global cost that accrues even if learning does not take place; on the other hand, some developmental studies suggest that brains grow with experience, indicating a cost that is induced when learning occurs. The issue of how costs are incurred is an important one, because global costs are expected to constrain the evolution of learning more than would induced costs. We tested whether brain size represented a global and/or an induced cost of learning in the cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae. We assayed the ability of full sibling families to learn to locate either green hosts, for which butterflies have an innate search bias, or red hosts, which are more difficult to learn to locate. Naïve butterflies were sacrificed at emergence and congenital brain volume estimated as a measure of global costs; experienced butterflies were sacrificed after learning and change in brain volume estimated as a measure of induced costs. Only for the mushroom body, a brain region involved in learning and memory in other insects, was volume at emergence related to learning or host-finding. Butterfly families that emerged with relatively larger mushroom bodies showed a greater tendency to improve their ability to find red hosts across the two days of host-search. The volume of most brain regions increased with time in a manner suggesting host experience itself was important: first, total number of landings during host-search was positively related to mushroom body calyx volume, and, second, experience with the red host was positively related to mushroom body lobe volume. At the family level, the relative volume of the mushroom body calyx and antennal lobes following learning was positively related to overall success in finding red hosts. Overall, our results suggest that within species, brain size might act as a small global cost of learning, but that environment-specific changes in brain size might reduce the overall costs of neural tissue in the evolution of learning.

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System for Rearing Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) on a Noncruciferous Artificial Diet Developed for Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

Cited by 29 publications

References 0 publications

Environmental determinants of population divergence in life‐history traits for an invasive species: climate, seasonality and natural enemies

Environmental determinants of population divergence in life‐history traits for an invasive species: climate, seasonality and natural enemies

Anthropogenic changes in sodium affect neural and muscle development in butterflies

Brain Size: A Global or Induced Cost of Learning?

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