Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Circulating S100B Blood Levels in Schizophrenia

Abstract

S100B is a calcium-binding protein secreted in central nervous system from astrocytes and other glia cells. High blood S100B levels have been linked to brain damage and psychiatric disorders. S100B levels have been reported to be higher in schizophrenics than healthy controls. To quantify the relationship between S100B blood levels and schizophrenia a systematic literature review of case-control studies published on this topic within July 3rd 2014 was carried out using three bibliographic databases: Medline, Scopus and Web of Science. Studies reporting mean and standard deviation of S100B blood levels both in cases and controls were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-Mean Ratio (mMR) of S100B blood levels in cases compared to controls was used as a measure of effect along with its 95% Confidence Intervals (CI). 20 studies were included totaling for 994 cases and 785 controls. Schizophrenia patients showed 76% higher S100B blood levels than controls with mMR = 1.76 95% CI: 1.44–2.15. No difference could be found between drug-free patients with mMR = 1.84 95%CI: 1.24–2.74 and patients on antipsychotic medication with mMR = 1.75 95% CI: 1.41–2.16). Similarly, ethnicity and stage of disease didn't affect results. Although S100B could be regarded as a possible biomarker of schizophrenia, limitations should be accounted when interpreting results, especially because of the high heterogeneity that remained >70%, even after carrying out subgroups analyses. These results point out that approaches based on traditional categorical diagnoses may be too restrictive and new approaches based on the characterization of new complex phenotypes should be considered.

Evaluation of serum Neuron‐specific enolase, S100B, myelin basic protein and glial fibrilliary acidic protein as brain specific proteins in children with autism spectrum disorder

“…According to our results, S100 B was not found to be beneficial as a marker of ASD. S100 B has been used as a marker and treatment response criterion in mood disorders and schizophrenia (Aleksovska et al, 2014; Schroeter et al, 2013; Yelmo‐Cruz et al, 2013). To date two studies have identified high levels of S100 B in ASD (Al‐Ayadhi and Mostafa, 2012; Shaker et al, 2016).…”

S100B blood levels and childhood trauma in adolescent inpatients

“…Evidence from metanalysis concluded that levels of S100B are elevated in patients with mood disorders and schizophrenia and that levels of S100B were not affected by psychotropic medication. (Schroeter et al, 2009; Schroeter & Steiner, 2009; Aleksovska et al, 2014). …”

Clinical studies of neuroinflammatory mechanisms in schizophrenia

“…Oxidative stress is defined as the "imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and the body's ability to eliminate the reactive oxygen species (ROS)" (Kohen and Nyska, 2002;Muller and Schwarz, 2010). Oxidative stress may also affect lipid and glucose metabolism in psychosis (Aleksovska et al, 2014). The innate immune system generates ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) to assist with the destruction of foreign pathogens (Nathan and Shiloh, 2000).…”