Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis to Establish the Association of Common Genetic Variations in Vitamin D Binding Protein With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Abstract

Background: Vitamin-D binding protein (DBP) also known as GC protein, is a major determinant for vitamin- D metabolism and transport. GC1F, GC1S, and GC2 are the three allelic variants (denoted as rs4588 and rs7041) of GC, and known to be associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, contradictory reports and population specific risk attributed by these alleles warranted detailed genetic epidemiology study to establish the association between GC variants and COPD. In this study we performed a meta-analysis and investigated the genetic architecture of GC locus to establish the association and uncover the plausible reason for allelic heterogeneity. Methods: Published cross-sectional case control studies were screened and meta-analysis was performed between GC variants and COPD outcome. RevMan-v5.3 software was used to perform random and/or fixed models to calculate pooled odds ratio (Meta-OR). Linkage disequilibrium (LD) and haplotypes at GC locus were evaluated using 1000 Genomes genotype data. In silico functional implications of rs4588 and rs7041 was tested using publicly available tools. Results: GC1F allele and GC1F/1F genotype were found to confer COPD risk in overall meta-analysis. GC1S/1S was found to confer risk only among Europeans. In silico investigation of rs4588 and rs7041 identified strong eQTL effects and potential role in regulation of GC expression. Large differences in allele frequencies, linkage disequilibrium (LD) and haplotypes were identified at GC locus across different populations (Japanese, African, Europeans, and Indians), which may explain the variable association of different GC alleles in different populations. Conclusion: GC1F and GC1F/1F impose significant genetic risk for COPD, among Asians. Considerable differences in allele frequencies and LD structure in GC locus may impose population specific risk.

The role of DBP gene polymorphisms in the prevalence of new coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality rate

“…31 Different DBP isoforms influence the serum concentration/bioavailability of vitamin-D3. 9 From this perspective these isoforms might be correlated with an increased risk of viral infection in populations, as reported in the present study. If a necessary concentration of bioavailable vitamin D is not reached in certain genotypes, the immune system may modulate the body reaction to an infection in a severe way.…”

“…Two of these variants corresponding to different allelic arrangements of rs7041 and rs4588 were reported to have a different affinity to bind to vitamin‐D3, and hence affect its serum concentration 31 . Different DBP isoforms influence the serum concentration/bioavailability of vitamin‐D3 9 . From this perspective these isoforms might be correlated with an increased risk of viral infection in populations, as reported in the present study.…”

“…To test this hypothesis and to limit confounding bias (latitude, etc), we focused on the countries whose DBP polymorphisms at rs7041 and rs4588 loci were defined and the allele frequencies reported in five cohort and two systematic review and meta‐analysis studies 8‐15 . We searched the literature for DBP gene polymorphism in each country.…”

“…To test this hypothesis and to limit confounding bias (latitude, etc), we focused on the countries whose DBP polymorphisms at rs7041 and rs4588 loci were defined and the allele frequencies reported in five cohort and two systematic review and meta-analysis studies. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] We searched the literature for DBP gene polymorphism in each country. We recorded the total number of cases of COVID-19 and per million population in each of the countries to find the prevalence, and the mortality rates caused by the coronavirus infection recorded at 2nd July 2020 (Table 1) according to World Health Organization Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Situation Report-164.…”

A genetic insight into vitamin D binding protein and COVID-19

“…While patients with GG genotype have shown less 25(OH)D levels after same dose of vitamin D supplementation [13] . Interestingly, both allelic variants (rs7041 and rs4588) are also donated to be associated to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [14] .…”