“…The first of these research areas, education's civic and citizenship function, is undoubtedly the largest The interest in investigating how prospective and active teachers perceive concepts such as citizenship and democracy is considerable (see, e.g., Anderson et al, 1997;Estelles and Romero, 2019;Faden, 2012;Hahn, 2015;Logan, 2011;Marri et al, 2014;Martin, 2008Martin, , 2010Patterson et al, 2012). In some cases, studies have dealt with teachers' ways of viewing the meaning of good citizenship (Bramwell, 2020;Martin et al, 2013;Prior, 1999). In other cases, the starting point has been a comparative study of teachers' perceptions of citizenship in different countries (Hung, 2013;Martínez-Rodríguez et al, 2019) or the identified gap between what citizenship teachers describe as their ideals and the actual teaching practices observed by researchers (Cohen, 2016).…”