Systematic review of mycotoxins in food and feeds in Turkey

Ünüsan, Nurhan

doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.10.015

Cited by 65 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 117 publications

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“…Of these the most widespread and also of primary concern are the trichothecenes, fumonisins, and zearalenone [ 1 , 2 ]. Despite the mitigation efforts, exposure of crops to mycotoxins is indeed inevitable and decontamination is very difficult [ 3 , 4 ]. Even though numerous studies concerning the effect of mycotoxins are reported in the specific literature, the contamination of cereals with fusariotoxins, the impact on animal health and the economic losses they imply [ 5 , 6 , 7 ], the transmission of fusariotoxins into the target organism and the potential existence of toxic components in meat and dairy products remain unknown and need further investigations [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zearalenone and the Immune Response

Bulgaru

Marin

Ţăranu

2021

Toxins

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Zearalenone (ZEA) is an estrogenic fusariotoxin, being classified as a phytoestrogen, or as a mycoestrogen. ZEA and its metabolites are able to bind to estrogen receptors, 17β-estradiol specific receptors, leading to reproductive disorders which include low fertility, abnormal fetal development, reduced litter size and modification at the level of reproductive hormones especially in female pigs. ZEA has also significant effects on immune response with immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive results. This review presents the effects of ZEA and its derivatives on all levels of the immune response such as innate immunity with its principal component inflammatory response as well as the acquired immunity with two components, humoral and cellular immune response. The mechanisms involved by ZEA in triggering its effects are addressed. The review cited more than 150 publications and discuss the results obtained from in vitro and in vivo experiments exploring the immunotoxicity produced by ZEA on different type of immune cells (phagocytes related to innate immunity and lymphocytes related to acquired immunity) as well as on immune organs. The review indicates that despite the increasing number of studies analyzing the mechanisms used by ZEA to modulate the immune response the available data are unsubstantial and needs further works.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zearalenone and the Immune Response

Bulgaru

Marin

Ţăranu

2021

Toxins

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“…For better understanding of the global effect of mycotoxin contamination, accurate, more rapid, and highly sensitive methods are essential for routine identification and detection of these compounds [ 116 , 117 , 118 ]. The methods of analysis for TCT are well established and can be applied for cereals, food, feed, and biological samples.…”

Section: Detection Of Trichothecenes In Food and Feedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trichothecenes in Food and Feed, Relevance to Human and Animal Health and Methods of Detection: A Systematic Review

Polak-Śliwińska

Paszczyk

2021

Molecules

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Trichothecene mycotoxins are sesquiterpenoid compounds primarily produced by fungi in taxonomical genera such as Fusarium, Myrothecium, Stachybotrys, Trichothecium, and others, under specific climatic conditions on a worldwide basis. Fusarium mold is a major plant pathogen and produces a number of trichothecene mycotoxins including deoxynivalenol (or vomitoxin), nivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, and T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin. Monogastrics are sensitive to vomitoxin, while poultry and ruminants appear to be less sensitive to some trichothecenes through microbial metabolism of trichothecenes in the gastrointestinal tract. Trichothecene mycotoxins occur worldwide however both total concentrations and the particular mix of toxins present vary with environmental conditions. Proper agricultural practices such as avoiding late harvests, removing overwintered stubble from fields, and avoiding a corn/wheat rotation that favors Fusarium growth in residue can reduce trichothecene contamination of grains. Due to the vague nature of toxic effects attributed to low concentrations of trichothecenes, a solid link between low level exposure and a specific trichothecene is difficult to establish. Multiple factors, such as nutrition, management, and environmental conditions impact animal health and need to be evaluated with the knowledge of the mycotoxin and concentrations known to cause adverse health effects. Future research evaluating the impact of low-level exposure on livestock may clarify the potential impact on immunity. Trichothecenes are rapidly excreted from animals, and residues in edible tissues, milk, or eggs are likely negligible. In chronic exposures to trichothecenes, once the contaminated feed is removed and exposure stopped, animals generally have an excellent prognosis for recovery. This review shows the occurrence of trichothecenes in food and feed in 2011–2020 and their toxic effects and provides a summary of the discussions on the potential public health concerns specifically related to trichothecenes residues in foods associated with the exposure of farm animals to mycotoxin-contaminated feeds and impact to human health. Moreover, the article discusses the methods of their detection.

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“…Significant economic losses are associated with the impact of mycotoxins on human health, animal productivity, domestic and international trade [8,9]. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has estimated that up to 25% of the world's food crops are significantly contaminated by mycotoxins [10].…”

Section: Emerging Mycotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging mycotoxins in botanicals: benefit and risk

Ferrer¹,

Pallarés²,

Font³

et al. 2020

SDRP JFST

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Background: Fusarium species are responsible for production of emerging mycotoxins with cyclic hexadepsispeptides structures, like enniatins and beauvericin. Although these mycotoxins have not been regulated yet, their high prevalence in food and feed, as well as their potential toxic effects in humans and animals have made of them a burning issue and a threat to food security. Besides its inophoric properties, these mycotoxins may induce cells damages such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial modifications and the disruption on the cell cycle related to several health adverse effects such as immunotoxicity, genotoxicity, endocrine toxicity and neurotoxicity. Moreover, they showed interesting activity against various microorganisms and insects in several studies, leading to a potential use in pesticide and medicine research, as potential candidates for anticancer therapy. Botanicals can go contaminated by mycotoxins when the harvesting practices or manufacturing conditions are inadequate, which make mandatory their study. Methods: This review explores emerging mycotoxins occurrence in several botanicals forms and discuss their possible prejudicial and beneficial effects. Results: Several researchers have reported mycotoxins occurrence at low incidences and levels in botanicals. Despite emerging mycotoxins toxic effects, beneficial properties have been attributed to these mycotoxins by several authors. These compounds are related to insecticidal activity, antibacterial properties, and antifungal and antiviral activities. Cell organelles or enzyme systems are the targets in its antimicrobial activity. Data collected showed also that emerging mycotoxins are involved in capacity of the multidrug transport protein in human cancer cells modulation and apoptotic cell death induction, several researchers are explaining the possibility to employ them with medicinal purpose. Conclusion: More studies are required to explore enniatins and beauvericin possible applications in medicinal and pesticide research. Furthermore, it is important to highlight that the regulation of emerging mycotoxins in food must be revised and updated. Keywords: anticancer, antimicrobials, beauvericin, cytotoxicity, enniatins, medicinal plants.

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Systematic review of mycotoxins in food and feeds in Turkey

Cited by 65 publications

References 117 publications

Zearalenone and the Immune Response

Zearalenone and the Immune Response

Trichothecenes in Food and Feed, Relevance to Human and Animal Health and Methods of Detection: A Systematic Review

Emerging mycotoxins in botanicals: benefit and risk

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