Systematic review of studies comparing 24-hour and spot urine collections for estimating population salt intake

Ji, Chen; Sykes, Lindsay L; Paul, Christina Mary P.; Dary, Omar; Legetić, Branka; Campbell, Norm R.C.; Cappuccio, Francesco P.

doi:10.1590/s1020-49892012001000010

Cited by 148 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 27 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

148

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Our data showed that the salt consumption estimated by the gold-standard is higher in comparison to other populations 9,21,25 , being higher than twice the current recommendation of 5 g of salt a day 29 . The impact of salt consumption on blood pressure of the study participants was described in another publication 30 .…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

“…Therefore, there have been eff orts to standardize more practical methods of collection 8,10,21 . The accuracy of these methods, however, has been questioned [21][22][23][24] , and that is why it is necessary to conduct validation studies in diff erent populations than that they were developed [11][12][13]25 . The accuracy of the estimation of sodium excretion in casual urine mostly depends on the estimated accuracy of the 24-hour creatinine excretion, based on gender, weight and height.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Estudo de validação das equações de Tanaka e de Kawasaki para estimar a excreção diária de sódio através da coleta da urina casual

Mill

Rodrigues

Baldo

et al. 2015

Rev. bras. epidemiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ABSTRACT:Objective: To validate Tanaka and Kawasaki's formulas to calculate the salt intake by the sodium/creatinine ratio in spot of urine. Methods: Two hundred and seventy two adults (20 -69 years old; 52.6% women) with 24 h urine collection and two urinary spots collected on the same day (while fastingspot 1 -or not fasting -spot 2). Anthropometry, blood pressure and fasting blood were measured on the same day. The analysis of agreement between salt consumption measured in the 24 h urine test and urinary spots were determined by the Pearson's correlation (r) and the Bland & Altman method. Results: The mean salt consumption measured by the 24 h sodium excretion was 10.4 ± 5.3 g/day. The correlation between the measured 24 h sodium excretion and the estimation based on spots 1 and 2, respectively, was only moderated according to Tanaka (r = 0.51 and r = 0.55; p < 0.001) and to Kawasaki (r = 0.52 and r = 0.54; p < 0.001). We observed an increasing underestimation of salt consumption by Tanaka to increasing salt consumption and conversely, an overestimation of consumption by the Kawasaki formula. The estimation of salt consumption (difference between measured and calculated salt consumption lower than 1 g/day) was adequate only when the consumption was between 9 -12 g/day (Tanaka) and 12 -18 g/day (Kawasaki). Conclusion: Spot urine sampling is adequate to estimate salt consumption only among individuals with an actual consumption near the population mean.

show abstract

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estudo de validação das equações de Tanaka e de Kawasaki para estimar a excreção diária de sódio através da coleta da urina casual

Mill

Rodrigues

Baldo

et al. 2015

Rev. bras. epidemiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Thereby, the correlations are in the range of 0·50 to 0·80 as hypothesized (16) . The observed β coefficients of 0·53 and 0·54 for spot urine Na and K, respectively, are higher than the β of 0·34 for spot urine Na that Brown and colleagues found in women (15) .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

“…Studies have shown good correlations between Na:creatinine and K:creatinine in spot urine and respective ratios in 24 h urine (12,14,16) . In addition, Brown and colleagues showed that β coefficients derived from regression analyses of spot urine samples v. 24 h urinary Na excretions can be used to predict 24 h excretions with reasonable accuracy (15) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of using spot urine to replace 24 h urine sodium and potassium excretions

Huysduynen

Hulshof

Lee

et al. 2014

Public Health Nutr.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective: The most accurate method to estimate Na and K intakes is to determine 24 h urinary excretions of these minerals. However, collecting 24 h urine is burdensome. Therefore it was studied whether spot urine could be used to replace 24 h urine samples. Design: Participants collected 24 h urine and kept one voiding sample separate. Na, K and creatinine concentrations were analysed in both 24 h and spot urine samples. Also 24 h excretions of Na and K were predicted from spot urine concentrations using the Tanaka and Danish methods. Setting: In 2011 and 2012, urine samples were collected and brought to the study centre at Wageningen University, the Netherlands. Subjects: Women (n 147) aged 19-26 years. Results: According to p-aminobenzoic acid excretions, 127 urine collections were complete. Correlations of Na:creatinine, K:creatinine and Na:K between spot urine and 24 h urine were 0·68, 0·57 and 0·64, respectively. Mean 24 h Na excretion predicted with the Tanaka method was higher (difference 21·2 mmol/d, P < 0·001) than the measured excretion of 131·6 mmol/d and mean 24 h Na excretion predicted with the Danish method was similar (difference 3·2 mmol/d, P = 0·417) to the measured excretion. The mean 24 h K excretion predicted with the Tanaka method was higher (difference 13·6 mmol/d, P < 0·001) than the measured excretion of 66·8 mmol/d. Bland-Altman plots showed large individual differences between predicted and measured 24 h Na and K excretions. Conclusions: The ratios of Na:creatinine and K:creatinine in spot urine were reasonably well associated with their respective ratios in 24 h urine and appear to predict mean 24 h Na excretion of these young, Caucasian women.

show abstract

“…Furthermore, it is difficult to accurately infer the absolute excretion of biomarkers with the use of spot urine samples even after adjustment for dilution with the use of the urinary creatinine concentration, which is also subject to within-person variability (5,6) and is influenced by individuals' meat intakes (4). Therefore, in epidemiologic studies, 24-h urine samples are preferred over spot urine samples to reduce the extraneous variability of biomarkers that is due to the timing of sample collection and very short-term changes in exposures (4,7). This may largely explain the contradicting observations regarding sodium excretion in relation to cardiovascular disease shown in 2 recent studies that used spot urine samples (8) compared with 24-h urine samples (9) to assess longterm sodium intake.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproducibility of urinary biomarkers in multiple 24-h urine samples

Sun¹,

Bertrand²,

Franke³

et al. 2017

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Limited knowledge regarding the reproducibility of biomarkers in 24-h urine samples has hindered the collection and use of the samples in epidemiologic studies. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the reproducibility of various markers in repeat 24-h urine samples. Design: We calculated intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) of biomarkers measured in 24-h urine samples that were collected in 3168 participants in the NHS (Nurses' Health Study), NHSII (Nurses' Health Study II), and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. Results: In 742 women with 4 samples each collected over the course of 1 y, ICCs for sodium were 0.32 in the NHS and 0.34 in the NHSII. In 2439 men and women with 2 samples each collected over 1 wk to $1 mo, the ICCs ranged from 0.33 to 0.68 for sodium at various intervals between collections. The urinary excretion of potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, sulfate, and other urinary markers showed generally higher reproducibility (ICCs .0.4). In 47 women with two 24-h urine samples, ICCs ranged from 0.15 (catechin) to 0.75 (enterolactone) for polyphenol metabolites. For phthalates, ICCs were generally #0.26 except for monobenzyl phthalate (ICC: 0.55), whereas the ICC was 0.39 for bisphenol A (BPA). We further estimated that, for the large majority of the biomarkers, the mean of three 24-h urine samples could provide a correlation of $0.8 with true long-term urinary excretion. Conclusions: These data suggest that the urinary excretion of various biomarkers, such as minerals, electrolytes, most polyphenols, and BPA, is reasonably reproducible in 24-h urine samples that are collected within a few days or #1 y. Our findings show that three 24-h samples are sufficient for the measurement of long-term exposure status in epidemiologic studies.Am J Clin Nutr 2017;105:159-68.

show abstract

Systematic review of studies comparing 24-hour and spot urine collections for estimating population salt intake

Cited by 148 publications

References 27 publications

Estudo de validação das equações de Tanaka e de Kawasaki para estimar a excreção diária de sódio através da coleta da urina casual

Estudo de validação das equações de Tanaka e de Kawasaki para estimar a excreção diária de sódio através da coleta da urina casual

Evaluation of using spot urine to replace 24 h urine sodium and potassium excretions

Reproducibility of urinary biomarkers in multiple 24-h urine samples

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About