“…These doubts are expressed in its unstable generic allocation, having been included in Imparfinis Eigenmann & Norris (e.g., Trajano & Menna-Barreto, 1995;Trajano, 1996Trajano, , 1997a, Rhamdella Eigenmann & Eigenmann (e.g., Trajano, 1993;Trajano & Sánchez, 1994), Rhamdiopsis Haseman (Trajano, 2007), and even dealt as an undescribed genus (e.g., Trajano, 1997bTrajano, , 1998Trajano, , 2001aTrajano, , 2001bTrajano, , 2003Trajano & Bockmann, 1999a;Trajano & Bichuette, 2006;Volpato & Trajano, 2006). However, the increasing knowledge of the relationships among heptapterids has produced a more rigorous environment for investigating the affinities of this taxon (e.g., Bockmann, 1998;Bockmann & Ferraris, 2005;Bockmann & Miquelarena, 2008). Thus, the present study aims to describe the blind and unpigmented heptapterid from the caves of Chapada Diamantina, State of Bahia, northeastern Brazil, provide a complete synonymy, summarize its ecological and behavioral data, and investigate its phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships.…”