Systemic cytokine profiles and splenic toll-like receptor expression during Trichinella spiralis infection

Paraoxonase‐1 activity is related to Trichinella spiralis‐induced hepatitis in rats

“…T. spiralis infection is typified by intestinal and muscular phases, corresponding to two distinct periods in the parasite's life cycle in the host. Anti-inflammatory effects of IL-10 limit the immune response against the early stages of muscle larvae of T. spiralis, but sustained control of inflammation during chronic muscle infection does not depend on it and there is a shift to a Th2 response [21]. The host immune response during the intestinal phase of T. spiralis infection is characterized by mixed Th1/Th2 responses with the initial predominance of the Th1 and the subsequent predominance of the Th2.…”

“…Th2-type responses involving interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10 and IL-13 are essential in the expulsion of gastrointestinal adult T. spiralis. Anti-inflammatory effects of IL-10 limit the immune response against the early stages of muscle larvae of T. spiralis, but sustained control of inflammation during chronic muscle infection does not depend on it and there is a shift to a Th2 response [21]. Nonetheless, our current knowledge with respect to the mechanisms responsible for regulating PON1 activity during T. spiralis is incomplete.…”

Trichinella spiralisExcretory-Secretory Products Protect against Polymicrobial Sepsis by Suppressing MyD88 via Mannose Receptor

“…This effect is not limited to T. spiralis, but also includes Schistosome eggs, T. muris, or Hymenolepis diminuta which have been shown to protect rats or mice from autoimmune diseases like IBD and asthma [8]. The mechanism is that helminth or their antigens or excretory-secretory antigens have been shown to induce host T helper (Th) 2 immune response and produce anti-inflammatory factors (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) and regulatory factors (IL-10, TGF β 1), which could inhibit Th1 inflammatory factors (e.g., TNF- α , IL-1 β , and IL-6) and Th17 immune response [9, 10]. In vitro, T. spiralis excretory-secretory antigens (TsES) significantly reduce TNF- α , IL-1 β , IL-6, and IL-12 by inhibiting NF- κ B and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in LPS-stimulated macrophages [11].…”

Human Invasive Muscular Sarcocystosis Induces Th2 Cytokine Polarization and Biphasic Cytokine Changes, Based on an Investigation among Travelers Returning from Tioman Island, Malaysia

“…Levels of IL-4 and IL-10, additional Th2 cytokines, were not elevated, but the observed decrease of intracellular IL-2 and IFN-␥ following lymphocyte stimulation also points toward a slightly Th2-biased immune response. Characteristic biphasic immune responses have also been described in eosinophilic muscleinvasive helminth infections (trichinellosis), with a Th1 response during the initial intestinal phase and a later Th2 response during the muscle stage (16). Interestingly, B cell counts in the two examined patients were low.…”