Systemic Insecticides, Development of Organic Phosphates as Systemic Insecticides

Geary, Robert J.

doi:10.1021/jf60014a003

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Early studies with organophosphate insecticides (Geary, 1953) indicated the importance of moderate lipophilicity (i.e. some water solubility) for systemic effect.…”

Section: Phloem Toxicologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Aspects of Insect-Plant Associations

Brattsten¹,

Ahmad²

1987

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All rights reservedNo part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher PREFACE Thanks to the meticulous and enthusiastic work of insect collectors and taxonomists over the past hundred years and more, we have today a large amount of information on the feeding habits and life styles of several hundred thousands of insect species.Insects that feed on plants during at least one of their life stages constitute about half of the three-quarters of a million described species. Their numbers both in terms of species and individuals together with their small but macroscopic sizes makes the insect-plant biological interface perhaps the most conspicuous, diverse and largest assemblage of intimate interspecies interactions in existence. It is also perhaps the most important biological interface because of the plants' role as primary producers upon which all other forms of earthly life depend, thereby bringing herbivorous insects occasionally into direct competition with human food and fiber production.Early enthusiasm revealed many remarkable specializations and associations between insects and plants, and occasionally assigned chemical mediators for them. However, the modern practices of large scale crop protection by synthetic pesticides and their attendant problems, particularly with resistance in "pests" and destruction of natural enemies, have been in large measure responsible for drawing our attention to the mechanisms whereby plants control insect populations and insects adapt to the plants' defenses.These practices have also brought home the importance of chemical mediators in practically all aspects of insect activities and, in particular, the importance of plant allelochemicals in maintaining and balancing insect-plant associations.There are about 20,000 identified allelochemicals to date, estimated to be between ten and 50 percent of all possible such non-nutrient chemicals.Most of these have biological activity, mostly uncharacterized, when accumulated in sufficiently high concentrations.Many are acutely toxic to insects and other animals. A few have been used successfully for insect control and as drugs; more importantly, however, plant allelochemicals continue to provide model structures for the development of synthetic insecticides and drugs.With the recent availability of high-resolution analytical instruments, natural history is rapidly turning into a modern, multidisciplinary biological science. The elucidation of the mechanisms which maintain the observed ecological equilibria in the insect-plant interface provide fascinating work and rich intellectual rewards. It is also necessary to understand these interactions for purposes of local food and fiber production, the premise being that understanding the molecular details of insect adaptations to plant allelochemicals may allow manipulations of those mechanisms for crop protec...

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“…Early studies with organophosphate insecticides (Geary, 1953) indicated the importance of moderate lipophilicity (i.e. some water solubility) for systemic effect.…”

Section: Phloem Toxicologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Aspects of Insect-Plant Associations

Brattsten¹,

Ahmad²

1987

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show abstract

“…However, it must be recognized that most of them are ineffective against chewing insects and some compounds even exhibit a high mammalian toxicity. Since the first review on systemic insecticides by GEARY (1953), various aspects of the subject have been reviewed by many workers.…”

Section: Mode D' Action Des Insecticides Naturelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residues of Pesticides and Other Foreign Chemicals in Foods and Feeds / Rückstände von Pesticiden und anderen Fremdstoffen in Nahrungs- und Futtermitteln

1969

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“…The organophosphorus insecticides are a group of chemicals whose development is largely due to the pioneer work of the German chemist Gerhard Schrader which began in 1934. Geary (1953) gives a historical review of the work of Schrader. Since the publication of Schrader 1 s work (Schrader 1947 ;Martin and Shaw 1947), thousands of phosphorus compounds have been evaluated for use as insecticides.…”

Section: Organophosphorus Insecticidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative activation of organophosphorus insecticides by liver microsomes

Johnsen

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Systemic Insecticides, Development of Organic Phosphates as Systemic Insecticides

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Molecular Aspects of Insect-Plant Associations

Molecular Aspects of Insect-Plant Associations

Residues of Pesticides and Other Foreign Chemicals in Foods and Feeds / Rückstände von Pesticiden und anderen Fremdstoffen in Nahrungs- und Futtermitteln

Comparative activation of organophosphorus insecticides by liver microsomes

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