Systemic toxicity after an ocular exposure to xylazine hydrochloride

Velez, Larissa I.; Shepherd, Greene; Mills, Lisa D.; Rivera, Wilfredo

doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2006.02.042

Cited by 28 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Overdoses with opioid antagonists with agonistic qualities were reported with nalorphine (Summerhays 1976) and diprenorphine (Baumgartner and Neurohr 1992). Exposures to α 2 -agonists occurred accidentally with xylazine (Carruthers and others 1979, Samanta and others 1990, Velez and others 2006, Curry and others 2008), detomidine (Cummins 2005) and romifidine (Hoyer 2006). Intentional intoxications with α 2 -agonists are evident in seven case reports (Gallanosa and others 1981, Spoerke and others 1986, Hoffmann and others 2001, Stillwell 2003, Wolowich and others 2003).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 21 cases, the route of administration was parenteral. In a further case, a xylazine vial was mistaken for a vial of eye drops and 800 mg of xylazine was administered into the eyes (Velez and others 2006). In two other cases, Large Animal Immobilon (Novartis Animal Health) (etorphine 2.45 mg/ml plus acepromazine 10 mg/ml) came into contact with the skin (Orr 1977, Sheridan 1981).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Human exposures to immobilising agents: results of an online survey

2010

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Cases of human exposure to veterinary injectable anaesthetics were reviewed following a literature search and completion of an online questionnaire in an attempt to provide an objective approach to the problem. The modified Glasgow Coma Scale was used to rank cases according to their severity. From the cases examined, results showed that intoxication with potent opioids, such as etorphine, carfentanil and thiafentanil, need to be treated with antagonists such as naloxone, nalmefene or naltrexone, and not with antagonists with agonistic properties, such as diprenorphine. With regard to the alpha(2)-agonists xylazine, detomidine, medetomidine and romifidine, no antagonist is currently accredited for human use. Atipamezole, a specific alpha(2)-antagonist, is widely used in veterinary medicine and has been used experimentally to reverse dexmetomidine in a study in human medicine. The high concentrations of alpha(2)-agonists being used in zoo and wildlife medicine warrant the accreditation of atipamezole for use in cases of human exposure. Knowledge and availability of the appropriate antagonist are essential in cases of human intoxication with injectable anaesthetics. Preventive measures, such as wearing gloves and eye protection, need to be used more regularly to reduce the risk of exposure.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human exposures to immobilising agents: results of an online survey

2010

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“…Supportive care should include oxygenation, endotracheal intubation when required, intravenous fluid infusion, gastric lavage, active charcoal, urinary catheterization, electrocardiography (ECG) and hyperglycemia monitorization. Hemodialysis is ineffective for treatment [10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Xylazine Intoxication, A Case report

Bayramoǧlu¹,

Sarıtemur²,

Ao³

et al. 2016

Med Rep Case Stud

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Xylazine is a colorless, bitter-tasted, crystalline substance, which is easily soluble in water. Xylazine is a strong alpha-2-adrenergic agonist, effective on alpha-2 receptors in central nervous system. It is a drug with relaxant, analgesic, and sedative properties. It reduces the release of noradrenaline and dopamine in the central nervous system; thus, it leads to sedation, muscular relaxation, and reduction of perception of painful stimuli. The use of xylazine in humans was investigated; however, it was not used due to significant hypotension. In this case report, we aimed to present a veterinary physician, who had attempted suicide by xylazine. Use of xylazine as a suicidal agent is a rare situation. There are few reports in which it was used for this purpose by veterinary physicians or people dealing with livestock. In recent years, it has started to be used as a narcotic substance. Since xylazine has started to be used as a narcotic substance, the probability of meeting with xylazine-related intoxication cases is increasing. With this case, we wanted to present xylazine in more detail, and to update, inform, and warn the emergency physicians on xylazine intoxication.

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“…When those -2 receptors are stimulated, the central nervous system reduces the release of norepinephrine and dopamine, resulting in the effects of tranquilizer, painkiller, and muscle relaxant. Xylazine can also affect the cholinergic neuronal system, -1 adrenergic receptor, and histamine system [15]. It has been reported that xylazine has been abused for its anesthetic effect either purposely or accidentally in intoxication and criminal cases [16,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human bodies will show symptoms such as depressed central nervous system, depressed respiratory system, bradycardia, or low blood pressure when intoxicated with xylazine. The main xylazine biotransformation pathway is most likely thiazine ring break-down, and the main product is most likely 2,6-dimethylaniline [15,18]; the structure of xylazine and 2,6-dimethylaniline was showed in Figure 1. Due to the qualitative detection ability, chromatography-mass spectrometry has been widely used in biological samples [19][20][21][22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phospholipid Adsorption Polymeric Materials for Detection of Xylazine and Metabolite in Blood and Urine

Gao¹,

Guo²,

Gu³

2016

International Journal of Polymer Science

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Polymers have been used in different areas. Recently, polymeric material is favored in analytical area due to its high performance and high consistency, which was used in sample pretreatment in this study. Xylazine poisoning is often seen in body fluid samples obtained from various accidents or suicides. However, the content of xylazine is difficult to detect precisely due to matrix effect in testing practices. In this paper, a method application for phospholipid adsorption polymeric materials to determine xylazine in blood and urine samples was proposed, developed, and validated. Compared with existing method, this method using polymeric pretreatment has a wider linear range of 2.0–2000.0 ng/mL for xylazine and its metabolite 2,6-dimethylaniline in both blood and urine and lower detection limits of 0.3 ng/mL for 2,6-dimethylaniline and xylazine in blood and 0.2 ng/mL for 2,6-dimethylaniline and xylazine in urine. Therefore, this method is suggested to be applied in testing practices by academic groups and commercial organizations.

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Systemic toxicity after an ocular exposure to xylazine hydrochloride

Cited by 28 publications

References 14 publications

Human exposures to immobilising agents: results of an online survey

Human exposures to immobilising agents: results of an online survey

Xylazine Intoxication, A Case report

Phospholipid Adsorption Polymeric Materials for Detection of Xylazine and Metabolite in Blood and Urine

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