“…10 A recent study showed how the overall efficiency of a FC powertrain system is very similar to that of ICE system for commercial vehicles. 11,12 Furthermore, a PEMFC-based powertrain system rejects nearly all of its heat loss via the coolant, which also needs to be kept at a significantly lower temperature than the coolant of an ICE, and hence mandates significantly larger radiators and cooling systems. This is particularly critical for heavy-duty vehicles operating at low speeds, which is relevant considering that this is the most promising short-term application for FC powertrain systems.…”